Diagnosis and Management of Pineal Germinoma: From Eye to Brain

References

• Aihara Y, Watanabe S, Amoro K, et al. Placental alkaline phosphatase levels in cerebrospinal fluid could have a decisive role in the differential diagnosis of germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg. 2019;131:687–694. doi:10.3171/2018.3.JNS172520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teilum G, Albrechtsen R, Norgaard-Pedersen B. The histogenetic-embryologic basis for reappearance of alpha-fetoprotein in endodermal sinus tumors (yolk sac tumors) and teratomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1975;83(1):80–86. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb01360.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sano K, Matsutani M, Seto T. So-called intracranial germ cell tumours: personal experiences and a theory of their pathogenesis. Neurol Res. 1989;11(2):118–126. doi:10.1080/01616412.1989.11739874
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuong HG, Ngo TNM, Dunn IF. Incidence, prognostic factors, and survival trend in pineal gland tumors: a population-based analysis. Front Oncol. 2021;11:780173. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.780173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, et al. Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(9):1194–1200. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita Y, Yawasaki F, Tominaga A, et al. Pitfalls of neuroendoscopic biopsy of intraventricular germ cell tumors. World Neurosurg. 2017;106:430–434. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan N, Pakala A, Mukkamalla C, Oswal A. Pineal germinoma. South Med J. 2010;103(10):1031–1037. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181ebeeff
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgueno-Montanes C, Santalla-Castro C, Pena-Suarez J. Parinaude “plus” syndrome in a patient with dysgerminoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2016;91(7):341–345. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frappaz D, Dhall G, Murray M, et al. EANO SNO and Euracan consensus review on the current management and future development of intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults. Neuro-Oncology. 2022;24(4):516–527. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quick-Weller J, Lescher S, Baumgarten P, et al. Stereotactic biopsy of pineal lesions. World Neurosurg. 2016;96:124–128. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon E, Afit A, M’baye M, Mertens P. Anatomy of the pineal region applied to its surgical approach. Neurochirurgie. 2015;61(2–3):70–76. doi:10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abhyanker R. On the seat of the soul: Descartes’ pineal gland (914). Neurology. 2020;94(15 Supplement):S914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringertz N, Nordenstam H, Flyger G. Tumors of the pineal region. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1954;13(4):540–561. doi:10.1097/00005072-195410000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Lopez P, Abarca-Olivas J, Luma E, Martonell-Llobregat C, De Los Santos V. Pineal region anatomy. In: Florian I, editor. Pineal Region Lesions. Switzerland: Springer-Nature; 2020:7–19.
   Google Scholar
• Gheban A, Rosca I, Crisan M. The morphological and functional characteristics of the pineal gland. Med Pharm Rep. 2019;92(3):226–234. doi:10.15386/mpr-1235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewczuk B, Przybylska-Gornowicz B. Gross anatomy of the pineal complex in animals. In: Turgut M, editor. Step by Step Experimental Pinealectomy Techniques in Animals for Researchers. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2013:1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Duron L, Sanders F, Thiesse F, et al. Loco-regional extensions of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a retrospective radiological analysis of 100 patients. Neuroradiology. 2018;60(1):27–34. doi:10.1007/s00234-017-1928-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frappaz D, Pedone C, Thiesse P, et al. Visual complaints in intracranial germinomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64(10):e26543. doi:10.1002/pbc.26543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Neural control of the pineal gland. Behav Brain Res. 1995;73(1–2):125–130. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(96)00083-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi H, Kashii S, Kikuchi M, Yasuyoshi H, Honda Y. Superior oblique paresis with contralateral relative afferent pupillary defect. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238(11):927–929. doi:10.1007/s004170000206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsitis M, Rothwell I, Pigott T, Davidson N, Veitch Y, Lowe J. Systemic metastasis from primary intracranial germinoma: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. 1989;3(6):717–723. doi:10.3109/02688698908992697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gay J, Janco R, Lukens J. Systemic metastasis in primary intracranial germinoma: case report and literature review. Cancer. 1985;55(11):2688–2690. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850601)55:11<2688::AID-CNCR2820551125>3.0.CO;2-H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fierro B, Croce G, Filusto L, Carbone N, Lupo I. Ocular pseudomyasthenia: report of a case with a pineal region tumor. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1991;12(6):593–596. doi:10.1007/BF02336957
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang CG, Kageyama N, Kobayashi T, Yashida J, Negoro M. Pineal tumors: clinical diagnosis, with special emphasis on the significance of pineal calcification. Neurosurgery. 1981;8(6):656–668. doi:10.1227/00006123-198106000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serova N, Grigoreva N, Khavboshina A, Butenko E. Neuro-ophthalmological symptoms in patients with pineal and suprasellar germinomas. Vestn Oftalmol. 2020;136(4):39–46. doi:10.17116/oftalma202013604139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg-Cohen N, Ehrenberg M, Toledano H, et al. Preoperative visual loss is the main cause of irreversible poor vision in children with a brain tumor. Front Neurol. 2011;62(2):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ilcus C, Silaghi H, Georgescu C, et al. Molecular pathology and targeted therapies for personalized management of central nervous system germinoma. J Pers Med. 2021;11(7):661. doi:10.3390/jpm11070661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh M, Tamaki M, Kokunai T, Matsumoto S. Clinico-biological behavior of germ-cell tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7(5):246–250. doi:10.1007/BF00299006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manor R, Bar-Ziv J, Tadimor R, Eisbruch A, Rechavi G. Pineal germinoma with unilateral blindness. seeding of germinoma cells in the optic nerve sheath. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1990;10(4):239–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereira L, Green A, Hwang T, McCulley T. Suprasellar germinoma and late perioptic seeding. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(1):159–161. doi:10.1177/112067210801800130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frappaz D, Conter C, Szathmari A, Vasijevic A, Mottolese C. The management of pineal tumors as a model for a multidisciplinary approach in neuro-oncology. Neurochirugie. 2014;61(2–3):208–211. doi:10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takami H, Grafffeo C, Perry A, Giannini C, Daniels D. The third eye sees double: cohort study of clinical presentation, histology, surgical approaches, and ophthalmic outcomes in pineal region germ cell tumors. World Neurosurg. 2021;150:482–490. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz JF, Eissa-Garces A, Ruxmohan S, et al. Understanding parinaud’s syndrome. Brain Sci. 2021;11:1469. doi:10.3390/brainsci11111469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Y, Wei S, Pi Y, Yan R. Ocular manifestations of brainstem tumor. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2009;45(11):999–1003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruce IN, Stein BM. Surgical management of pineal region tumors. Acta Neurochir. 1995;134(3–4):130–135. doi:10.1007/BF01417679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson EV, Lyons CJ, Hukin J, Cochrane DD. Ophthalmological outcomes of patients treated for pineal region tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;17(5):558–563. doi:10.3171/2015.10.PEDS15415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zako M, Banno S, Numanami H, Watanabe T, Tsuzuki T, Sashajima H. A case of bilateral uveitis associated with seminoma/germinoma in thymus and pineal glands. two primary lesions. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2022;27:101589. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harthan J, Opitz D, Franstein S, Morettin C. Diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis: optometric management. Clin Optom. 2016;8:23–25. doi:10.2147/OPTO.S72079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shukla S, Pula J, Khari S, Lee J. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy and pineal germinoma with collapsin response-mediating protein antibodies. J Neuro Ophthalmol. 2018;38(2):198–199. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miki A, Fugitiara M, Yosida A, Nakamura M, Azumi A. A case of bilateral vasculitis associated with pineal germinoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;11:142–145. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.07.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Y, Vickers A, Chan N, et al. Atypical presentations of intracranial dysgerminoma mimicking central nervous system inflammatory or demyelinating disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2020;55(2):159–166. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uludag G, Onay A, Onal S. onay A, Onal S. Unilateral paraneoplastic optic disc edema and retinal periphlebitis in pineal germinoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;10:236–239. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.03.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palestine A. Retinal vasculitis. Whitcup Nussenblatts Uveitis Fund Clin Pract. 2020;2020:350–367.
   Google Scholar
• Shabo E, Czech T, Nicholson J, et al. Evaluation of the perioperative and postoperative course of surgery for pineal germinoma in SIOP CNS GCT 96 Trial. Cancers. 2022;14(14):3555. doi:10.3390/cancers14143555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phi JH, Kim S-K, Kang TH, Wang KC. Hydrocephalic fits: forgotten but not gone. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(11):1863–1868. doi:10.1007/s00381-012-1832-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Kageyawa N, Kida Y, Yoshida J, Shibuya N, Okamura K. Unilateral germinomas involving the basal ganglia and thalamus. J Neurosurg. 1981;55(1):55–58. doi:10.3171/jns.1981.55.1.0055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Dong Q, Song E, et al. Germinomas of the basal ganglia and thalamus: four case reports. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(19):4558–4564. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D, Bhatti M, Giannini C, Eckel L, Garrity J, Chen J. Intracranial pure germinoma with optic nerve infiltration. J Neuro Ophthalmol. 2020;40:112–116. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuhara T, Ichikawa T, Miyoshi Y, et al. Primary germinoma in the medulla oblongata -case report-. Neural Med Chir. 2011;51(4):326–329. doi:10.2176/nmc.51.326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagishi M, Suzuki R, Tanaka YH, et al. Pure germinoma of the pineal gland with synchronous spinal dissemination. Neurol Med Chir. 2010;50(6):505–508. doi:10.2176/nmc.50.505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo AC, Hodgson D, Dang J, et al. Intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults: a 40-year multi-institutional review of outcomes. Int J Rad Onc Biol Phys. 2020;106(2):269–278. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison AL, Smith AB, Benjamin V, Allen JC, Rushing EJ. Late spinal metastases from an isolated pineal region germinoma mimicking a schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(8):1126–1127. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2010.11.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utsuki S, Oka H, Sagiuchi T, Fujii K. Late intrathoracic relapse of pineal germinoma connected to the intraspinal canal. Neurol India. 2007;55(2):151–153. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.32788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanakita S, Takenobu A, Kambe A, Watanabe T, Shin M, Teraoka A. Intramedullary recurrence of germinoma in the spinal cord 15 years after complete remission of a pineal lesion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;16(5):513–515. doi:10.3171/2012.2.SPINE11499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama H, Suzuki J, Ohara Y. Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma clinically mimicking multiple sclerosis: a case report. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10(21):1–4. doi:10.25259/SNI_466_2019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoyama T, Hida K, Ishii N, Seki T, Ikeda J, Iwasaki Y. Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma – 2 case reports. Surg Neurol. 2007;67(2):177–83; discussion 183. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.05.062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lombardi G, Poliani P, Manara R. Diagnosis and treatment of pineal region tumors in adults: a EURACAN, overview. Cancers. 2022;14(15):3646. doi:10.3390/cancers14153646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki F, Kinoshita Y, Takayasu T, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of high lipid levels and low apparent diffusion coefficient is characteristic of germinomas. World Neurosurg. 2018;112:e84–e94. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi T, Okada T, Kanagaki M, et al. Quantitative imaging values of CT, MR, and FDG-PET to differentiate pineal parenchymal tumors and germinomas: are they useful. Neuroradiology. 2014;56(4):297–303. doi:10.1007/s00234-014-1334-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai N, Myake K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Use of 11C-methionine positron emission tomography in basal germinoma: assessment of treatment response and residual tumor. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25(7):845–853. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-0841-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Qi S, Fan J, et al. Bifocal germinomas in the pineal region and hypothalamus- neurohypophyseal axis: primary or metastasis? J Clin Neurosci. 2016;34:151–157. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2016.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosuda S, Kusano S, Ishihara S, et al. Combined 201Tl and 67Ga brain spect in patients with suspected central nervous system lymphoma or germinoma: clinical and economic value. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17(5):359–367. doi:10.1007/BF03006602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurusamy S, Yaakub A, Hitan W, Maglana S, Ibrahim W. Pineal gland tumor with drop metastasis: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e29855. doi:10.7759/cureus.29855
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghariabeh K, Perez H, Al-Chalabi M, Sheikh A, Mahfooz N. Spinal epidural venous engorgement-potential imaging confounder after diagnostic lumbar puncture. Radiol Case Rep. 2022;17(12):4752–4755. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.09.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mark I, Dillon W, Richie M, Villanueva-Meyer J. MRI findings after recent image-guided lumbar puncture: the rate of dual enhancement and subdural collections. Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(5):784–788. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen J, Chacko J, Donahue B, et al. Diagnostic sensitivity of serum and lumbar CSF bHCG in newly diagnosed CNS germinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(7):1180–1182. doi:10.1002/pbc.24097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen J, Nisselbaum J, Epstein F, Rosen G, Schwartz M. Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg. 1979;51(3):368–374. doi:10.3171/jns.1979.51.3.0368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr C, O’neill B, Huchhalter C, Stong M, Ware M. Biomarkers of pineal region tumors: a review. Ochsner J. 2019;19(1):26–31. doi:10.31486/toj.18.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindhart T, Tsukahara Y. Cytologic diagnosis of pineal germinoma in cerebrospinal fluid and sputum. Acta Cytol. 1979;23(4):341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torzewski M, Lackner K. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology: a highly diagnostic method for the detection of diseases of the central nervous system. J Lab Med. 2016;40:S1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamari M, Takamari H, Suzuki T, et al. Necessity for craniospinal irradiation of germinoma with positive cytology without spinal lesion on MR imaging- a controversy. Neuro Onc Adv. 2021;3(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio D, Allen J. Management of CNS germinomas. Clin Oncol. 2015;4(4):273–279.
   Google Scholar
• Blakely J, Grossman S. Management of Pineal Region tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006;7(6):505–516. doi:10.1007/s11864-006-0025-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fouladi M, Grant R, Barachel S, et al. Comparison of survival outcomes in patients with intracranial germinomas treated with radiation alone versus reduced-dose radiation and chemotherapy. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;14(10):596–601. doi:10.1007/s003810050279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Hall W. Central nervous system germinomas. A review. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(6):652–657. doi:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530180110026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diederich S, Eckmanns T, Exner P, Al-Saadi N, Bahr V, Oelkers W. Differential diagnosis of polyuric/polydipsia syndromes with the aid of urinary vasopressin measurements in adults. Clin Endocrinol. 2001;54(5):665–671. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01270.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklar C, Grumbach M, Kaplan S, Conte F. Hormonal and metabolic abnormalities associated with central nervous system germinoma in children and adolescents and the effect of therapy: report of 10 patients. JCEM. 1981;52(1):9–16. doi:10.1210/jcem-52-1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Zhang X, Wang W, Day Y, Qui H, Wei S. Ocular manifestations of intracranial germinomas: three case reports and literature review. Chin Med J. 2012;125(15):2790–2793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramelli G, Van der Weid N, Stanga Z, Mullis P, Buergi U. Suprasellar germinomas in childhood and adolescence: diagnostic pitfalls. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1998;11(6):693–697. doi:10.1515/JPEM.1998.11.6.693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibamoto Y. Management of central nervous system germinoma: proposal for a modern strategy. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009;23:119–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonabend AM, Bowden Bruce JN, Bruce JN. Microsurgical resection of pineal region tumors. J. Neurooncol. 2016;130(2):351–366. doi:10.1007/s11060-016-2138-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berhouma M, Jemel H, Ksira I, Khaldi M. Transcortical approach to a huge pineal mature teratoma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008;44(1):52–54. doi:10.1159/000110663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berhouma M, Ni H, Vallee B. The endoscopic intraventricular management of pineal cysts: a minimally invasive modus operandi. Acta Neurochir. 2013;155(10):1901–1905. doi:10.1007/s00701-013-1849-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little KM, Friedman AH, Fukushima T. Surgical approaches to pineal region tumors. J Neurooncol. 2001;54(3):287–299. doi:10.1023/A:1012766902431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi N, Murai H, Ishihara S, et al. Nationwide investigation of the current status of therapeutic neuroendoscopy for ventricular and paraventricular tumors in Japan. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(6):1147–1157. doi:10.3171/2011.7.JNS101976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller W, Schneider G, Huffman K, Zschenderlein R, von Dierling A. Granulomatous tissue response in germinoma, a diagnostic pitfall in endoscopic biopsy. Neuropathology. 2007;27(2):127–132. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00749.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor T, Fabiano A, Prasad D, Morin N, Feastermaker R. Lateral temporal approach for image-guided stereotactic biopsy of pineal region tumors. World Neurosurg. 2021;147:144–149. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumer M, Acikgoz B, Akpinar G. External ventricular drainage for acute obstructive hydrocephalus developing following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages. Neurol Sci. 2002;23(1):29–33. doi:10.1007/s100720200020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saiari S, Asiri FA, Farag AA, et al. Multiple lessons learned from a single case: complications from pineal germinoma management. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:29. doi:10.25259/SNI_944_2021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haw C, Steinbok P. Ventriculoscope Tract recurrence after endoscopic biopsy of pineal germinoma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;34(4):215–217. doi:10.1159/000056022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luther N, Stetler J, Dunkel I, Christos P, Wellons JC, Souweidane MM. Subarachnoid dissemination of intraventricular tumors, following simultaneous endoscopic biopsy and third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg Pediatrics. 2010;5(1):61–67. doi:10.3171/2009.7.PEDS0971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Barbaro N, Mcdermott M. Frame-based stereotactic biopsy remains an important diagnostic tool with distinct advantages over frameless stereotactic biopsy. J Neurooncol. 2005;73(2):173–179. doi:10.1007/s11060-004-4208-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen C, Linskey M. Frame-based stereotaxy in frameless era; current capabilities, relative role, and the positive- and negative predictive values of blood through the needle. J Neurooncol. 2009;93(1):139–149. doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9871-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann J, Campos B, Younes B, et al. Frame-based stereotactic biopsies using an intraoperative MR-scanner are as safe and effective as conventional stereotactic procedures. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharia BE, Bruce JN. Stereotactic biopsy considerations for pineal tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2011;22(3):359–66, viii. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2011.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic EA, Kell PJ. Stereotactic procedures for lesions of the pineal region. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68(10):965–970. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62268-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marker DF, Pearce TM. Germ cell tumors of the central nervous system: a brief review and site-specific considerations. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2022;40:47–51. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2022.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konovalov A, Pitskhelavri D. Principles of treatment of the pineal region tumors. Surg Neurol. 2003;59(4):250–268. doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00080-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim D, Yoo K, Lee N, et al. Intensive chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose radiotherapy for biopsy-proven CNS germinoma with elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. J Neurooncol. 2014;117(2):279–285. doi:10.1007/s11060-014-1381-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo H, Kumabe T, Jokura H, Tuminga T. Stereotactic radiosurgery followed by whole ventricular irradiation for primary intracranial germinoma of the pineal region. Min Minimal Inv Neurosurg. 2005;48(3):186–190. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830263
   Google Scholar
• Mori Y, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa T, Yoshida K, Kuda Y. stereotactic radiosurgery for pineal and related tumors. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009;23:106–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgenstern P, Osbun N, Schwartz T, Greenfield J, Tsiouris A, Souweidane M. Pineal region tumors: an optimal approach for simultaneous endoscopic third ventriculostomy and biopsy. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30(4):E3. doi:10.3171/2011.2.FOCUS10301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronsley R, Bouffett E, Dirks P, Drake J, Kulkami A, Bartels U. Successful management of symptomatic hydrocephalus using a temporary external ventricular drain with or without endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients with germinoma. J Neurosurg. 2022;137:807–812. doi:10.3171/2021.8.JNS211443
   Google Scholar
• Xu K, Khine K, Ooi Y, Quinsey C. A systemic review of shunt-related extraneural metastases of primary central nervous system tumors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;174:239–243. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [Application of navigation system ExacTrac in radiation therapy of a female patient with disseminated pineoblastoma]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2010;2010:43–46. Russian.
   Google Scholar
• Aridgides P, Janssens G, Braunstein S, et al. Gliomas, germ cell tumors, and craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(Suppl 2):e28401. doi:10.1002/pbc.28401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang P, Li Y, Qiu X. The external metastases of the central nerve system germ cell tumors: case review and report of the literature. Chin Neurosurg J. 2021;7(1):29. doi:10.1186/s41016-021-00246-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen R, Tao C, You C, Ju Y. Fast-developing fatal diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of a pineal germinoma in a young child: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. 2022;36(2):262–269. doi:10.1080/02688697.2018.1520804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calaminus G, Kortmann R, Worch J, et al. SIOP CNS GCT 96: final report of outcome of a prospective multinational nonrandomized trial for children and adults with intracranial germinoma comparing craniospinal irradiation alone with chemotherapy followed by focal primary site irradiation for patients with intracranial germinomas. Neurooncology. 2013;15(6):788–796. doi:10.1093/neuonc/not019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels U, Onar-Thomas A, Patel SK, et al. Phase II trial of response-based radiation therapy for patients with localized germinoma: a children’s oncology group study. Neuro-Oncology. 2022;24(6):974–983. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita T, Alden T, Dipatri A. Pediatric pineal region tumors: institutional experience of surgical managements with posterior interhemispheric transtentorial approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022. doi:10.1007/s00381-022-05595-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar