Assessment of Pattern of CD4+ T-Cell Recovery Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients After Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at Arsi Negelle Health Center, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

References

• World Health Organization. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection; Recommendations for a Public Health Approach: Second Edition. World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Dou Z, Ma Y, et al. Effect of earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment and increased treatment coverage on HIV-related mortality in China: a national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:516–524. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70097-421600849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço L, Samji H, Nohpal A, et al. Declines in highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation at CD4 + T-cells counts ≤200 cells/µL and the contribution of diagnosis of HIV at CD4 cell counts ≤200 cells/µL in British Columbia, Canada. HIV Med. 2015;16(6):337–345. doi:10.1111/hiv.1221225721157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Pan X, Dou Z, et al. The factors related to CD4+ TCell recovery and viral suppression in patients who have low CD4+ T-cell counts at the initiation of HAART: a retrospective study of the national HIV treatment sub-database of Zhejiang Province, China. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148915.26900702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulissa Z, Jerene D, Lindtjørn B. Patients present earlier and survival has improved, but pre-ART attrition is high in a six-year HIV cohort data from Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13268. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.001326820949010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulu A, Liebert UG, Maier M. Virological efficacy and immunological recovery among Ethiopian HIV-1 infected adults and children. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-28
   Google Scholar
• Asfaw A, Ali D, Eticha T, et al. CD4 cell count trends after commencement of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012258325816222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biset Ayalew M. Mortality and its predictors among HIV infected patients taking antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia: a systematic review. AIDS Res Treat. 2017;2017:1–10. doi:10.1155/2017/5415298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorsa A. Predictors of sub-optimal CD4 recovery during the first six months of Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) in HIV infected children: a retrospective cross-sectional study from Tikur Anbessa Tertiary Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Blood Lymphs. 2017;7(3):178. doi:10.4172/2165-7831.1000178
   Google Scholar
• Engsig FN, Zangerle R, Katsarou O, et al. Long-term mortality in HIV-positive individuals virally suppressed for >3 years with incomplete CD4 recovery. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1312–1321. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu03824457342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahissay HM, Oga TT. Assessment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes versus CD4 cell count threshold among HIV/AIDS patients at ras Desta hospital, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. JPSI. 2015;4(1):24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JV, Peng G, Rapkin J, et al. CD4+ count and risk of non-AIDS diseases following initial treatment for HIV infection. AIDS. 2008;22:841–848. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f7cb7618427202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haile GS, Berha AB. Predictors of treatment failure, time to switch and reasons for switching to second-line antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected children receiving first-line anti-retroviral therapy at a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1402-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deyno S, Toma A, Taddesse F. Pattern and predictors of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count recovery among cohorts of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Hawassa University Referral Hospital. J AIDS HIV Res. 2018;10:40–48. doi:10.5897/JAHR2017.0425
   Google Scholar
• Anude CJ, Eze E, Onyegbutulem HC, Charurat M, Etiebet M, Ajayi S. Immuno-virologic outcomes and immuno-virologic discordance among adults alive and on antiretroviral therapy at 12 months in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(113). doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malaza A, Mossong J, Ba¨rnighausen T, Viljoen J, Newell M-L. Population-based CD4 counts in a rural area in South Africa with high HIV prevalence and high antiretroviral treatment coverage. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70126.23894603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shastri S, Boregowda PH, Rewari BB, Tanwar S, Shet A, Kumar AMV. Scaling up antiretroviral treatment services in Karnataka, India: impact on CD4 counts of HIV-infected people. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.007218823951294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siedner MJ, Ng CK, Bassett IV, Katz IT, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC. Trends in CD4 count at presentation to care and treatment initiation in sub-Saharan Africa, 2002–2013: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1120–1127.25516189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiertiburanakul S, Boettiger D, Lee MP, et al. Trends of CD4 cell count levels at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy over time and factors associated with late initiation of antiretroviral therapy among Asian HIV-positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:18804.24598459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reda AA, Biadgilign S, Deribew A, Gebre B, Deribe K. Predictors of change in CD4 lymphocyte count and weight among HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral treatment in Ethiopia: a retrospective longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e58595. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005859523573191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loka JJ, Boscha RJ, Bensonb CA, et al. Long-term increase in CD4+ T-cell counts during combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1867–1876. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833adbcf20467286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakanjako D, Ssewanyana I, Mayanja-Kizza H, et al. High T-cell immune activation and immune exhaustion among individuals with suboptimal CD4 recovery after 4 years of antiretroviral therapy in an African cohort. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11(43). doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pineda JA, Alcamí J, Blanco JR, et al. Hot immunological topics in HIV infection. J AIDS Clin Res. 2011;2(118). doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000118
   Google Scholar
• Prendergast A, Prado JG, Kang YH, et al. HIV-1 infection is characterized by profound depletion of CD161+ Th17 cells and gradual decline in regulatory T cells. AIDS. 2010;24:491–502. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328334489520071976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. National guidelines for comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kebede MM, Zegeye DT, Zeleke BM. Predictors of CD4 count changes after initiation of antiretroviral treatment in the University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar in Ethiopia. Clin Res HIV/AIDS. 2014;1(2):1008.
   Google Scholar
• Kyaw NL, Thanachartwet V, Kiertiburanakul S, et al. Baseline CD4 cell counts and outcomes among adult treatment naïve HIV patients after taking fixed-dose combination GPO-VIR-S and GPO-VIR-Z in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2013;44:232–243.23691633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar