A prospective cohort study of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in neonates: the role of maternal carriage and phenotypic and molecular characteristics

References

• Reich PJ, Boyle MG, Hogan PG, et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the neonatal intensive care unit: an infection prevention and patient safety challenge. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(7):645.e641–645.e648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriebs JM. Staphylococcus infections in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal risks. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2016;30(2):115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuffre M, Amodio E, Bonura C, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in a level III neonatal intensive care unit: incidence and risk factors. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(5):476–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumtaz S, Ahmad M, Aftab I, Akhtar N, ul Hassan M, Hamid A. Aerobic vaginal pathogens and their sensitivity pattern. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008;20(1):113–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet. 2007;369(9577):1961–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelaziz ZA, Ibrahim ME, Bilal NE, Hamid ME. Vaginal infections among pregnant women at Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(4):490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creech CB, Litzner B, Talbot TR, Schaffner W. Frequency of detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from rectovaginal swabs in pregnant women. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38(1):72–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews WW, Schelonka R, Waites K, Stamm A, Cliver SP, Moser S. Genital tract methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk of vertical transmission in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(1):113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KT, Huard RC, Della-Latta P, Saiman L. Prevalence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(3 Pt 1):482–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KT, Campbell H, Borrell LN, Huard RC, Saiman L, Della-Latta P. Predictors and outcomes for pregnant women with vaginal-rectal carriage of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Perinatol. 2007;24(4):235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigi R, Hanrahan J. Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA colonization rates among gravidas admitted to labor and delivery: a pilot study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2007;2007:70876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Top KA, Buet A, Whittier S, Ratner AJ, Saiman L. Predictors of Staphylococcus aureus rectovaginal colonization in pregnant women and risk for maternal and neonatal infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2012;1(1):7–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reusch M, Ghosh P, Ham C, Klotchko A, Singapuri S, Everett G. Prevalence of MRSA colonization in peripartum mothers and their newborn infants. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(8):667–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervou FN, Zacharioudakis IM, Ziakas PD, Mylonakis E. MRSA colonization and risk of infection in the neonatal and pediatric ICU: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e1015–e1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Ning X, Song W, et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Chinese neonates. APMIS. 2015;123(1):28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey AJ, Duchon J, Della-Latta P, Saiman L. The epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit, 2000–2007. J Perinatol. 2010;30(2):135–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois-Nicolaos N, Lucet JC, Daubie C, et al. Maternal vaginal colonisation by Staphylococcus aureus and newborn acquisition at delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010;24(5):488–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshem E, Maayan-Metzger A, Rahav G, et al. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from mothers to newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(4):360–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, et al. Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(12):974–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaumburg F, Alabi AS, Mombo-Ngoma G, et al. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between mothers and infants in an African setting. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(6):O390–O396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Truque N, Tedeschi S, Saye EJ, et al. Relationship between maternal and neonatal Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1252–e1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzakis E, Scoulica E, Papageorgiou N, Maraki S, Samonis G, Galanakis E. Infant colonization by Staphylococcus aureus: role of maternal carriage. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(9):1111–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinter DM, Mandel J, Hulten KG, Minkoff H, Tosi MF. Maternal- infant perinatal transmission of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(2):145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigtsen AK, Jacobsen AF, Dedi L, Melby KK, Fugelseth D, Whitelaw A. Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus is associated with an increased rate of infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatology. 2015;108(3):157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Sitarik A, Levin AM, et al. Maternal group B Streptococcus and the infant gut microbiota. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2016;7(1):45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su LT, Liang JL, Guo XJ, Feng F. Comparison of methods for DNA extraction in Staphylococcus aureus. J Zhongkai Univ Agric Eng. 2011; 24(1):15–19.
   Google Scholar
• McClure JA, Conly JM, Lau V, et al. Novel multiplex PCR assay for detection of the staphylococcal virulence marker Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous discrimination of methicillin-susceptible from -resistant staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(3):1141–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarraud S. Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus genetic background, virulence factors, agr groups (alleles), and human disease. Infect Immun. 2002;70(2):631–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(10):5026–5033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(3):1008–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman DG, Andersen PK. Calculating the number needed to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1492–1495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia CP, Rosa JF, Cursino MA, et al. Non-multidrug-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(10):e252–e259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel RI, Kaufman HK. Nasopharyngeal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: incidence and outcomes in pregnant women. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2011;111(6):389–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James L, Gorwitz RJ, Jones RC, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among healthy full-term newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93(1):F40–F44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa O, Delgado K, Rangel C, Bello A, Reyes N. Nasal and vaginal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pregnant women in Cartagena, Colombia. Colombia Medica. 2012;43(1):19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuda T, Arai K, Fujita S, Yokota S. Demonstration of mother-to-infant transmission of Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155(3):194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JI, Fleener DK, Messer SA, Kroeger JS, Diekema DJ. Screening for Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pregnancy: usefulness of novel sampling and culture strategies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(4):396.e391–396.e395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo CY, Huang YC, Huang DTN, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus colonization among neonatal intensive care units in Taiwan. Neonatology. 2014;105(2):142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraci DM, Giuffre M, Bonura C, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: a three-year prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit in Italy. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Chao AS, Chang SD, et al. Association of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in parturient mothers and their babies. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(8):742–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan JT, Horace MG, Theodore FH, Russell RR, Kenneth DR. Sex distribution of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and disease in newborn infants. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:337–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halablab MA, Hijazi SM, Fawzi MA, Araj GF. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rate and associated risk factors in individuals in the community. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(5):702–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamaro-Cardoso J, de Lencastre H, Kipnis A, et al. Molecular epidemiology and risk factors for nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus in infants attending day care centers in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(12):3991–3997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto M. MRSA virulence and spread. Cell Microbiol. 2012;14(10):1513–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebon A, Moll HA, Tavakol M, et al. Correlation of bacterial colonization status between mother and child: the generation R study. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(3):960–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar