Chlorhexidine-based Body Washing for Colonization and Infection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: An Updated Meta-analysis

References

• Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(10 Suppl 2):S165–S193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supple L, Kumaraswami M, Kundrapu S, et al. Chlorhexidine Only Works If Applied Correctly: Use of a Simple Colorimetric Assay to Provide Monitoring and Feedback on Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Application. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015;36(9):1095–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassir N, Papazian L, Fournier PE, Raoult D, La Scola B. Insights into bacterial colonization of intensive care patients’ skin: the effect of chlorhexidine daily bathing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(5):999–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climo MW, Yokoe DS, Warren DK, et al. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):533–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K, et al. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(24):2255–2265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milstone AM, Elward A, Song X, et al. Daily chlorhexidine bathing to reduce bacteraemia in critically ill children: a multicentre, cluster-randomised, crossover trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9872):1099–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Horo JC, Silva GL, Munoz-Price LS, Safdar N. The efficacy of daily bathing with chlorhexidine for reducing healthcare-associated bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(3):257–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassakian SZ, Mermel LA, Jefferson JA, Parenteau SL, Machan JT. Impact of chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infections among general medical patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(3):238–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovich KJ, Hota B, Hayes R, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. Daily skin cleansing with chlorhexidine did not reduce the rate of central-line associated bloodstream infection in a surgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(5):854–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass P, Karki S, Rhodes D, et al. Impact of chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths on reducing incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in hematology-oncology patients. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(4):345–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56(2):455–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe CF, Lloyd-Smith E, Sidhu B, et al. Reduction in hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus with daily chlorhexidine gluconate bathing for medical inpatients. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(3):255–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirov CM, Binns MA, Jacob LE, Candon HL. Impact of chlorhexidine bathing on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence in an endemic chronic care setting: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(3):298–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Chung YK, Lee SS, et al. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on the acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical intensive care unit with methicillin-resistant S aureus endemicity. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(12):1520–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar EV, Chen WJ, Schlett CD, et al. Frequent use of chlorhexidine-based body wash associated with a reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among military trainees. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(2):943–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colling K, Statz C, Glover J, Banton K, Beilman G. Pre-operative antiseptic shower and bath policy decreases the rate of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus surgical site infections in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. Surg Infect. 2015;16(2):124–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K, et al. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(24):2255–2265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montecalvo MA, Mckenna D, Yarrish R, et al. Chlorhexidine bathing to reduce central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection: impact and sustainability. Am J Med. 2012;125(5):505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser TG, Fatica C, Scarpelli M, et al. Decrease in Staphylococcus aureus colonization and hospital-acquired infection in a medical intensive care unit after institution of an active surveillance and decolonization program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(8):779–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans HL, Dellit TH, Chan J, Nathens AB, Maier RV, Cuschieri J. Effect of chlorhexidine whole-body bathing on hospital-acquired infections among trauma patients. Arch Surg. 2010;145(3):240–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popovich KJ, Hota B, Hayes R, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. Effectiveness of routine patient cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate for infection prevention in the medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(10):959–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climo MW, Sepkowitz KA, Zuccotti G, et al. The effect of daily bathing with chlorhexidine on the acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and healthcare-associated bloodstream infections: results of a quasi-experimental multicenter trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(6):1858–1865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridenour G, Lampen R, Federspiel J, Kritchevsky S, Wong E, Climo M. Selective use of intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among intensive care unit patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(10):1155–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon MO, Hayden MK, Trick WE, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(3):306–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HY, Lee WK, Na S, Roh YH, Shin CS, Kim J. The effects of chlorhexidine gluconate bathing on health care-associated infection in intensive care units: A meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016;32:126–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HP, Chen B, Wang HY, He M. The efficacy of daily chlorhexidine bathing for preventing healthcare-associated infections in adult intensive care units. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(6):1159–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost SA, Alogso MC, Metcalfe L, et al. Chlorhexidine bathing and health care-associated infections among adult intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derde LP, Dautzenberg MJ, Bonten MJ. Chlorhexidine body washing to control antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(6):931–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Li S, Li L, Wu X, Zhang W. Effects of daily bathing with chlorhexidine and acquired infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(4):518–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar