Rational use of antibiotics in an intensive care unit: a retrospective study of the impact on clinical outcomes and mortality rate

References

• JarvisWRSelected aspects of the socioeconomic impact of nosocomial infections: morbidity, mortality, cost, and preventionInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol19961785525578875302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MauldinPDSalgadoCDHansenISDurupDTBossoJAAttributable hospital cost and length of stay associated with health care-associated infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteriaAntimicrob Agents Chemother201054110911519841152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DucelGFabryJNicolleLPrevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Practical Guide2nd edGenevaWorld Health Organization2002
   Google Scholar
• SarrafDPhunyalbMMandalsMRauniarGUtilization pattern of antimicrobial agents and its culture sensitivity pattern in intensive care units in a tertiary care center in eastern NepalNepal Med Coll J2015173–4107112
   Google Scholar
• EmmersonMAntibiotic usage and prescribing policies in the intensive care unitIntensive Care Med2000261S026S030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CockcroftDWGaultHPrediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinineNephron197616131411244564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StaffPDRPhysicians’ Desk Reference66th edNew YorkThomson Healthcare2011
   Google Scholar
• Royal Pharmaceutical SocietyMedicinesComplete [homepage] Available from: https://about.medicinescomplete.com/Accessed June 7, 2016
   Google Scholar
• GolightlyLKRenal pharmacotherapyDosage Adjustment of Medications Eliminated by the KidneysNew YorkSpringers2003
   Google Scholar
• PrestonCLStockley’s drug interactionRoyal Pharmaceutical SocietyLondonPharmapress2015
   Google Scholar
• FarrukhMJHishamSABin ZainalZAPharmaceutical care issues in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving thromboprophylaxisAm J Pharmacol Sci20145B1216
   Google Scholar
• MastertonRGAntibiotic de-escalationCrit Care Clin201127114916221144991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GarnerJSJarvisWREmoriTGHoranTCHughesJMCDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988Am J Infect Control19881631281402841893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UdyAARobertsJALipmanJClinical implications of antibiotic pharmacokinetic principles in the critically illIntensive Care Med201339122070208224045886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsJALipmanJAntibacterial dosing in intensive careClin Pharmacokinet200645875577316884316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MahmoodIInterspecies scaling of renally secreted drugsLife Sci19986326236523719877226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HighKPBradleySFGravensteinSClinical practice guideline for the evaluation of fever and infection in older adult residents of long-term care facilities: 2008 update by the infectious diseases Society of AmericaClin Infect Dis200948214917119072244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PazhayattilGSShiraliACDrug-induced impairment of renal functionInt J Nephrol Renovasc Dis2014745725540591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MurneyPTo mix or not to mix – compatibilities of parenteral drug solutionsAust Prescr200831498101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ErogluAFactors impacting the likelihood of death in patients in intensive care unitInt J Anesthesiol Res201644225228
   Google Scholar
• 6th Population & Housing Census 2017, Bureau of Statistics Pakistan Available from: http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/Accessed March 15, 2018
   Google Scholar
• IkramAHussain ShahSINaseemSStatus of hospital infection control measures at seven major tertiary care hospitals of northern PunjabJ Coll Physicians Surg Pak201020426627020392405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkhtarNHospital acquired infections in a medical intensive care unitJ Coll Physicians Surg Pak201020638639020642968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KollefMAppropriate empirical antibacterial therapy for nosocomial infections: getting it right the first timeDrugs200363202157216814498753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorCDemiragKOkcuOCankayaliIUyarMVentilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with intensive antibiotic usagePak J Med Sci2015316144126870112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalikMIAntimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from tracheal secretions in intensive care units admitted patients of Lahore General HospitalPak J Chest Med20182427277
   Google Scholar
• KalanuriaAAZiaiWZaiWMirskiMVentilator-associated pneumonia in the ICUCrit Care201418220825029020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaqboolMShabirANaqashHAminAKoulRKShahPVentilator associated pneumonia – incidence and outcome in adults in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital of North IndiaInt J Sci Study20174107376
   Google Scholar
• ShaikhJMDevrajaniBRShahSZAkhundTBibiIFrequency, pattern and etiology of nosocomial infection in intensive care unit: an experience at a tertiary care hospitalJ Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad2008204374019999200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BaqiSDamaniNNShahSAKhananiRInfection control at a government hospital in PakistanInt J Infect Control20095117
   Google Scholar
• RosenthalVDGuzmanSOrellanoPWNosocomial infections in medical–surgical intensive care units in Argentina: attributable mortality and length of stayAm J Infect Control200331529129512888765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PittetDTararaDWenzelRPNosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients, excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortalityJ Am Med Assoc19942712015981601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno-CavanillasADelgado-RodríguezMLópez-LuqueASchaffino-CanoSGálvez-VargasRInfluence of nosocomial infection on mortality rate in an intensive care unitCrit Care Med199422155608124975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MandelbaumTScottDJLeeJOutcome of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury using the acute kidney injury network criteriaCrit Care Med201139122659266421765352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OstermannMChangRRiyadh ICU Program Users GroupRenal failure in the intensive care unit: acute kidney injury compared to end-stage renal failureCrit Care200812543218983713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PradhanNPBhatSMGhadageDPNosocomial infections in the medical ICU: a retrospective study highlighting their prevalence, microbiological profile and impact on ICU stay and mortalityJ Assoc Physicians India201462101821
   PubMedGoogle Scholar