An Overview of the Management of the Most Important Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Blood Malignancies

References

• Hoffbrand AV, Steensma DP. Hoffbrand’s Essential Haematology. John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rodak BF, Keohane EM, Fritsma GA. Hematology-E-Book: Clinical Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Papon N, Bougnoux M-E, d’Enfert C. Tracing the origin of invasive fungal infections. Trends Microbiol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovi L, Saarinen-Pihkala U, Vettenranta K, Saxen H. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients: single center experience of 10 years. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(9):999–1004. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.170265411100280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosari AM, Pioltelli ML, Riva M, et al. Invasive fungal infections in lymphoproliferative disorders: a monocentric retrospective experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55(8):1844–1848. doi:10.3109/10428194.2013.85329924138328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varughese T, Taur Y, Cohen N, et al. Serious infections in patients receiving ibrutinib for treatment of lymphoid cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(5):687–692. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy17529509845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MB, Springer T. Neutrophils roll on E-selectin. J Immunol. 1993;151(11):6338–6346.7504018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milošević N, Rütter M, Ventura Y, Kezerle Y, Feinshtein V, David A. Attenuation of neutrophil-mediated liver injury in mice by drug-free E-selectin binding polymer. J Controlled Release. 2020;319:475–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Irie-Sasaki J, Jones RG, et al. Function of PI3Kγ in thymocyte development, T cell activation, and neutrophil migration. Science. 2000;287(5455):1040–1046.10669416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Yue K, Liu X, et al. Endothelial Notch activation promotes neutrophil transmigration via downregulating endomucin to aggravate hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;1–13.31564034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark A-K, Sriskantharajah S, Hessel EM, Okkenhaug K. PI3K inhibitors in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015;23:82–91. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.01726093105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding JJ, Bauer TM, Tan DS, et al. Characterization and Phase I study of CLR457, an orally bioavailable pan-class I PI3-kinase inhibitor. Invest New Drugs. 2019;37(2):271–281. doi:10.1007/s10637-018-0627-430073466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwell I, Flowers C, Blum K, Cohen J. Clinical use of PI3K inhibitors in B-cell lymphoid malignancies: today and tomorrow. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017;17(3):271–279. doi:10.1080/14737140.2017.128570228112970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah CY, Fowler NH. Idelalisib in the management of lymphoma. Blood. 2016;128(3):331–336. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-02-70276127252232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampson BL, Kim HT, Davids MS, et al. Efficacy results of a Phase 2 trial of first-line idelalisib plus ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2019;3(7):1167–1174. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.201803022130967392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradabadi A, Farsinejad A, Khansarinejad B, Fatemi A. Development of a high resolution melting analysis assay for rapid identification of JAK2 V617F missense mutation and its validation. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2019;8(1):10. doi:10.1186/s40164-019-0134-031165012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vafadari R, Weimar W, Baan CC. Phosphospecific flow cytometry for pharmacodynamic drug monitoring: analysis of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2012;413(17–18):1398–1405. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taherahmadi H, Moradabadi AR, Arjomand Shabestari A, Nazari J, Kahbazi MK. Antibiotic induced hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia among pediatric patients admitted to intensive care unit. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol. 2019;9(1):9–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branzk N, Lubojemska A, Hardison SE, et al. Neutrophils sense microbe size and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps in response to large pathogens. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(11):1017–1025. doi:10.1038/ni.298725217981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionakis MS, Iliev ID, Hohl TM. Immunity against fungi. JCI Insight. 2017;2(11):11. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.93156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionakis MS, Netea MG, Holland SM. Mendelian genetics of human susceptibility to fungal infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4(6):a019638. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a01963824890837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J, Henriet SS, Warris A. Aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. J Fungi. 2016;2(2):15. doi:10.3390/jof2020015
   Google Scholar
• Suleman A, Padmore R, Faught C, Cowan J. Disseminated cryptococcal infection in a patient with treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). IDCases. 2019;17:e00566. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e0056631194156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohl TM. Overview of vertebrate animal models of fungal infection. J Immunol Methods. 2014;410:100–112. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.02224709390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariette C, Tavernier E, Hocquet D, et al. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections during induction therapy in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a GRAALL-2005 study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58(3):586–593. doi:10.1080/10428194.2016.120465227397551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford J, Dale DC, Lyman GH. Chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia: risks, consequences, and new directions for its management. Cancer. 2004;100(2):228–237. doi:10.1002/cncr.1188214716755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhshi S, Padmanjali K, Arya L. Infections in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an analysis of 222 febrile neutropenic episodes. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;25(5):385–392. doi:10.1080/0888001080210656418569840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Hurwitz S, STROM BL, Lusk EJ, Cassileth PA. Prolonged granulocytopenia: the major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(3):345–351. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-3-3456696356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newburger PE, Dale DC. Evaluation and management of patients with isolated neutropenia. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):198–206. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.01023953336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalzle SA, Buchwald UK, Gilliam BL, Riedel DJ. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in malignancy. Mycoses. 2016;59(9):542–552. doi:10.1111/myc.1249626932366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abid MB, Stromich J, Gundacker ND. Is ibrutinib associated with disseminated cryptococcosis with CNS involvement? Cancer Biol Ther. 2019;20(2):138–140. doi:10.1080/15384047.2018.150862230148696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoyiannis DP, Georgiadou SP, Wierda WG, et al. Impaired bactericidal but not fungicidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(8):1730–1733. doi:10.3109/10428194.2012.75072323163595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer M, Kochanek M, Darabi K, et al. Reduced frequencies and suppressive function of CD4+ CD25hi regulatory T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after therapy with fludarabine. Blood. 2005;106(6):2018–2025. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-02-064215914560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosayebi M, Eslamirad Z, Hajihossein R, Ghorbanzadeh B, Shahverdi M, Didehdar M. Evaluating of fungal contamination in hospital wet cooling systems in Markazi province, Central Iran. J Mycol Med. 2017;27(3):334–338. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.00328754461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frange P, Bougnoux M-E, Lanternier F, et al. An update on pediatric invasive aspergillosis. Med Mal Infect. 2015;45(6):189–198. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.04.00626026226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgos A, Zaoutis TE, Dvorak CC, et al. Pediatric invasive aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 139 contemporary cases. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):e1286–e1294. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-211718450871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KE, Owens CM, Veys PA, Novelli V, Costoli V. The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: a 10-year review. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(7):453–460. doi:10.1007/s00247-003-0919-412739082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assendorp EL, Gresnigt MS, Sprenkeler EGG, et al. Adjunctive interferon-gamma immunotherapy in a pediatric case of Aspergillus terreus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(10):1915–1922. doi:10.1007/s10096-018-3325-430027379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Bouza E. Invasive mould infections in the ICU setting: complexities and solutions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(suppl_1):i39–i47. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx03228355466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taccone FS, Van den Abeele A-M, Bulpa P, et al. Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: clinical presentation, underlying conditions, and outcomes. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):7. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0722-725928694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khasawneh F, Mohamad T, Moughrabieh MK, Lai Z, Ager J, Soubani AO. Isolation of Aspergillus in critically ill patients: a potential marker of poor outcome. J Crit Care. 2006;21(4):322–327. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.03.00617175418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(5):577–584. doi:10.1086/50587016886149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewoude K, Blot S, Benoit D, Depuydt P, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: analysis of risk factors for acquisition and mortality. Acta Clin Belg. 2004;59(5):251–257. doi:10.1179/acb.2004.03715641394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos G, Frantzeskaki F, Poulakou G, Armaganidis A. Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1272(1):31–39. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06805.x23231712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borys M, Piwowarczyk P, Sysiak J, Czuczwar M, Prystupa A. Early diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis as a main determinant of outcome - review of literature according to the presented case report. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24(1):100–103. doi:10.5604/12321966.123396628378982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papachristou S, Iosifidis E, Roilides E. Invasive Aspergillosis in Pediatric Leukemia Patients: prevention and Treatment. J Fungi. 2019;5(1):14. doi:10.3390/jof5010014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crassard N, Hadden H, Pondarré C, et al. Invasive aspergillosis and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: a 15‐year experience. Transplant Infect Dis. 2008;10(3):177–183. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groll AH, Castagnola E, Cesaro S, et al. Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-4): guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in paediatric patients with cancer or allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(8):e327–e340. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70017-824988936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosillo C, Avila AM, Huang YT, et al. Sequential systematic anti-mold prophylaxis with micafungin and voriconazole results in very low incidence of invasive mold infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2018;20(4):e12897. doi:10.1111/tid.1289729668073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang K, Qiu KY, Deng LL, et al. [A clinical analysis of micafungin treatment of pulmonary invasive fungal infection in pediatric patients with acute leukemia or post hematopoietic stem cells transplantation]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017;55(11):844–847. Chinese. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2017.11.01129141316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vardakas KZ, Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME. Fluconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies: a meta‐analysis of randomised‐controlled trials. Br J Haematol. 2005;131(1):22–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05727.x16173959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana L, Perlin DS, Zhao Y, et al. Isavuconazole prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(5):723–730. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz28230958538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a global perspective. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44(8):453–455. doi:10.1038/bmt.2009.254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson TF, Thompson GR III, Denning DW, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):e1–e60. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw32627365388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Clech L, Uguen M, Quinio D, et al. Evaluation of posaconazole antifungal prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Res Transl Med. 2020;68(1):23–28. doi:10.1016/j.retram.2019.11.00231787568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura S. Invasive Aspergillosis in hematological patients. Med Mycol J. 2016;57(2):J77–88. doi:10.3314/mmj.57.J7727251320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metan G, Keklik M, Dinc G, et al. Performance of Galactomannan Antigen, Beta-d-Glucan, and Aspergillus-lateral-flow device for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2017;33(1):87–92. doi:10.1007/s12288-016-0653-328194062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguado JM, Vazquez L, Fernandez-Ruiz M, et al. Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):405–414. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu83325336623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson TF, Donnelly JP. New concepts in diagnostics for invasive mycoses: non-culture-based methodologies. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;5:1.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson TF, Donnelly JP. New concepts in diagnostics for invasive mycoses: non-culture-based methodologies. J Fungi. 2019;5(1):9. doi:10.3390/jof5010009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigl S, Prattes J, Lackner M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a lateral-flow device test for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):178. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0905-x25927915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prattes J, Flick H, Prüller F, et al. Novel tests for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with underlying respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(8):922–929. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1275OC25203869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton C, Johnson G, Agrawal S. Detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological malignancy patients by using lateral-flow technology. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). 2012;(61):e3721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Z, Fu M, Zhang J, Zhou H, Fu Y, Zhou J. Diagnostic accuracy of a novel lateral-flow device in invasive aspergillosis: a meta-analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(7):702–707. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.00009226002943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White PL, Parr C, Thornton C, Barnes RA. Evaluation of real-time PCR, galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a novel lateral-flow device for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1510–1516. doi:10.1128/JCM.03189-1223486712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heldt S, Hoenigl M. Lateral flow assays for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: current status. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2017;11(2):45–51. doi:10.1007/s12281-017-0275-828680526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iosifidis E, Papachristou S, Roilides E. Advances in the treatment of mycoses in pediatric patients. J Fungi. 2018;4(4):115. doi:10.3390/jof4040115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli MH, Kauffman CA. Isavuconazole: a new broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(10):1558–1565. doi:10.1093/cid/civ57126179012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Linden JW, Warris A, Verweij PE. Aspergillus species intrinsically resistant to antifungal agents. Med Mycol. 2011;49(Supplement_1):S82–S89. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.49991620662634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij PE, Ananda-Rajah M, Andes D, et al. International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Drug Resist Updates. 2015;21:30–40. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullmann AJ, Aguado JM, Arikan-Akdagli S, et al. Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:e1–e38. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.00229544767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postina P, Skladny J, Boch T, et al. Comparison of two molecular assays for detection and characterization of aspergillus fumigatus triazole resistance and Cyp51A mutations in clinical isolates and primary clinical samples of immunocompromised patients. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:555. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.0055529662479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellanger A-P, Berceanu A, Scherer E, et al. Invasive fungal disease, isavuconazole treatment failure, and death in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1778. doi:10.3201/eid2509.19059831441760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi F, Hashemi SJ, Zoll J, et al. Quantitative analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism for rapid detection of TR34/L98H- and TR46/Y121F/T289A-positive aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from patients in Iran from 2010 to 2014. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(1):387–392. doi:10.1128/AAC.02326-1526525787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong M, Li X, Liu J, et al. Successful surgical management of invasive pulmonary fungal infection in patients with leukemia. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:1675. doi:10.2147/IDR.S18957631354316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer J, Simon T, Hamprecht A, et al. Surgical implications for diagnosis and treatment of intestinal aspergillosis in pediatric patients with ALL. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2018;28(6):477–483. doi:10.1055/s-0037-160719428946164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Doree C, et al. Granulocyte transfusions for preventing infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perruccio K, Tosti A, Burchielli E, et al. Transferring functional immune responses to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Blood. 2005;106(13):4397–4406.16123217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):309–317.15306996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boktour MR, Kontoyiannis DP, Hanna HA, et al. Multiple‐species candidemia in patients with cancer. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1860–1865.15386338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Playford EG, Lipman J, Jones M, et al. Problematic dichotomization of risk for Intensive Care Unit (ICU)–Acquired Invasive Candidiasis: results using a risk-predictive model to categorize 3 levels of risk from a multicenter prospective cohort of Australian ICU patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(11):1463–1469.27601224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, et al. A multicenter multinational study of abdominal candidiasis: epidemiology, outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(9):1601–1610.26077063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC. Invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(15):1445–1456.26444731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo A, de Almeida Júnior J, Slavin MA, Chen SC, Sorrell TC. Candida and invasive mould diseases in non-neutropenic critically ill patients and patients with haematological cancer. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):e344–e356.28774702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornely OA, Gachot B, Akan H, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of fungemia in a cancer Cohort of the Infectious Diseases Group (IDG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC 65031). Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):324–331.25870323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, et al. The risk and clinical outcome of candidemia depending on underlying malignancy. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(5):652–662.28321466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi M, Yadegarynia D, Lotfali E, Arab-Mazar Z, Ghajari A, Fatemi A. Candidemia in febrile neutropenic patients; a brief report. Emergency. 2018;6:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duque JSR, To KK, Chiang AK, et al. Candida Tropicalis renal microabscesses in a child with leukemia confirmed using nucleic acid amplification and recovery after prolonged antifungal and corticosteroid treatment. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;81:110–113.30772467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves J, Palma P, Azevedo D, Rello J. Candidemia in the patient with malignancy. Hosp Pract (1995). 2018;46(5):246–252.30079788
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong X, Yang M, Lin D, et al. Candidemia in patients with acute leukemia: analysis of 7 years’ experience at a single center in China. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020;12:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JL, Kung HC, Lei WC, et al. High incidences of invasive fungal infections in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving induction chemotherapy without systemic antifungal prophylaxis: a prospective observational study in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128410.26061179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzehee S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Mohammadi MA, Nasibi S, Mousavi SAA. Identification of Candida spp. isolated from oral mucosa in patients with leukemias and lymphomas in Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2019;11(2):114.31341565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar J, Singh A, Seth R, Xess I, Jana M, Kabra SK. Prevalence and predictors of invasive fungal infections in children with persistent febrile neutropenia treated for acute leukemia–a prospective study. Ind J Pediatrics. 2018;85(12):1090–1095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausch CR, Kontoyiannis DP. Prolonged voriconazole treatment in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia resulting in a litany of chronic overlapping toxicities. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2019;25(3):747–753.29554829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonios DI, Banacloche JG, Childs R, Bennett JE. Hallucinations during voriconazole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(1):e7–e10.18491963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesaro S, Tridello G, Blijlevens N, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcome of acute leukemia patients with early candidemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a study by the acute leukemia and infectious diseases working parties of european society for blood and marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(4):564–572.29481599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Xiao M, Zhang D, et al. Molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida tropicalis isolates causing invasive candidiasis in China. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):885–891.30472420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L, Qian W, Yang Q, et al. ERG11 gene mutations and MDR1 upregulation confer pan-azole resistance in candida tropicalis causing disseminated candidiasis in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient on posaconazole prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi R, Foroughifar E. Candida infections among neutropenic patients. Caspian J Intern Med. 2016;7(2):71–77.27386056
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohammadi R, Abdi S. Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from gastro-oesophageal candidiasis in Tehran, Iran. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(4):288–293.26468349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashrafi M, Nabili M, Shokohi T, Janbabaie G, Hedayati MT, Ali-Moghaddam K. A real time PCR assay on blood for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patient. Curr Med Mycol. 2015;1(1):35–41. doi:10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.1.3528680979
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zacharioudakis IM, Zervou FN, Mylonakis E. T2 magnetic resonance assay: overview of available data and clinical implications. J Fungi. 2018;4(2):45. doi:10.3390/jof4020045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):892–899.25586686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy CJ, Pappas PG, Vazquez J, et al. Detecting infections rapidly and easily for candidemia trial, Part 2 (DIRECT2): a prospective, multicenter study of the T2Candida panel. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(11):1678–1686. doi:10.1093/cid/cix109529438475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz P, Vena A, Machado M, et al. T2MR contributes to the very early diagnosis of complicated candidaemia. A prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(suppl_4):iv13–iv19. doi:10.1093/jac/dky04829608752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):892–899.25586686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TY, Liu BH, Chen YC. Characterization of Aspergillus spores by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrometry. 2000;14(24):2393–2400.
   Google Scholar
• Mellmann A, Cloud J, Maier T, et al. Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in comparison to 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species identification of nonfermenting bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(6):1946–1954. doi:10.1128/JCM.00157-0818400920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranque S, Normand AC, Cassagne C, et al. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry identification of filamentous fungi in the clinical laboratory. Mycoses. 2014;57(3):135–140. doi:10.1111/myc.1211523895114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Veen S, Claas E, Kuijper EJ. High-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(3):900–907. doi:10.1128/JCM.02071-0920053859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizzini A, Durussel C, Bille J, Greub G, Prod’Hom G. Performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of bacterial strains routinely isolated in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(5):1549–1554. doi:10.1128/JCM.01794-0920220166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert S, Weinert K, Wagner C, et al. Novel, improved sample preparation for rapid, direct identification from positive blood cultures using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. J Mol Diagn. 2011;13(6):701–706. doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.07.00421889611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seng P, Drancourt M, Gouriet F, et al. Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(4):543–551. doi:10.1086/60088519583519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niles D, Boguniewicz J, Shakeel O, et al. Candida tropicalis thyroiditis presenting with thyroid storm in a pediatric patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38(10):1051–1053. doi:10.1097/INF.000000000000242431365478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma L, Tong H, Ruan L, Ling Z, Ren Y, Zhou X. Successful treatment of Candida tropicalis osteomyelitis with Micafungin in a leukemia patient. IDCases. 2016;6:109. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2016.10.00227942462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari P, Pinheiro RF, MdLLF C, Yamamoto M, Figueiredo MS. Septic arthritis as the first sign of Candida tropicalis fungaemia in an acute lymphoid leukemia patient. Braz J Infect Dis. 2003;7(6):426–428. doi:10.1590/S1413-8670200300060001214636484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harada Y, Murata M, Matsumoto A, et al. [Successful treatment of pre-engraftment disseminated fusariosis with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B in a cord blood transplant recipient]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2019;60(12):1641–1646. Japanese. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.60.164131902814
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ichikawa S, Fukuhara N, Watanabe S, et al. Long-term survival after cord blood transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia complicated with disseminated fusariosis. J Infect Chemother. 2020;26(2):292–295. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2019.08.02231570321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mardani M, Khodashahi R, Lotfali E, Abolghasemi S, Hakemi-Vala M. Disseminated fusariosis with ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesions in a refractory acute myeloid leukemia patient. Curr Med Mycol. 2019;5(1):27–31. doi:10.18502/cmm.5.1.534
   Google Scholar
• Delia M, Monno R, Giannelli G, et al. Fusariosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. Mycopathologia. 2016;181(5–6):457–463. doi:10.1007/s11046-016-9987-527008433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadhel M, Patel SV, Liu E, Fune L, Wasserman EJ, Asif A. Disseminated pulmonary with isolated muscular mucormycosis in an acute myeloid leukemia patient: a case report and literature review. Am J Case Rep. 2019;20:1210–1215. doi:10.12659/AJCR.91686431417073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura K, Kobayashi N, Ito I, et al. Pulmonary mucormycosis developed during acute myelogenous leukemia and successfully treated by surgical resection before blood stem cell transplantation. AME Case Rep. 2019;3:48. doi:10.21037/acr.2019.11.0232030366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biddeci G, Antonello M, Pizzi M, et al. Mucormycosis with peculiar aortic involvement in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;1–6.30821552
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeurkar C, Margetich L, Sahin Z. Mucormycosis leading to cerebral edema and cerebellar tonsillar herniation after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: a case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2019;2019:5138198.31815025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozhak-Baysan B, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Saba R, et al. Aspergillus alliaceus and Aspergillus flavus co-infection in an acute myeloid leukemia patient. Med Mycol. 2010;48(7):995–999. doi:10.3109/1369378100374941820392148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le T-H, Kumar V, Gondal K, et al. Isolated central nervous system Aspergillosis infection in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient on Ibrutinib: A case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1–3. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4894-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rößler S, Bader O, Stölzel F, et al. Progressive dispersion of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: fatal invasive Aspergillosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia infected with an A. fumigatus strain with a cyp51A TR46 Y121F M172I T289A Allele. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(8):e00270–00217. doi:10.1128/AAC.00270-1728743702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonogiannaki E-M, Proklou A, Tamiolakis D, Vassalou E, Kondili E. Invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia and previous Plasmodium falciparum infection. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2019;89:2. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2019.1055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turki AT, Rashidi-Alavijeh J, Dürig J, Gerken G, Rath P-M WO. Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis: case report of a patient with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL). BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):797. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2877-829281994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue H, Motohashi T, Ioku Y, Watanabe M, Nakajima M, Sugitatsu M. The detection of Cryptococcus in skeletal infection after tooth extraction in an acute myeloid leukemia patient. IDCases. 2020;19:e00700. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e0070031993323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez I, Moncada D. Fatal disseminated infection by trichosporon asahii under voriconazole therapy in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: a review of breakthrough infections by trichosporon spp. Mycopathologia. 2019;1–12.30600418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen JK, Schlichte MJ, Schady D, Pourciau CY. Fatal disseminated Trichosporon asahii fungemia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a morbilliform eruption. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(1):e86–e87. doi:10.1111/pde.1335929266471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: analysis of Multicenter Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(3):265–273. doi:10.1086/59584619115967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ. Taxonomy of fungi causing mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis (zygomycosis) and nomenclature of the disease: molecular mycologic perspectives. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(suppl_1):S8–S15. doi:10.1093/cid/cir86422247451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes MZ, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Mucormycosis caused by unusual mucormycetes, non-Rhizopus,-Mucor, and-Lichtheimia species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(2):411–445.21482731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipsas NV, Gamaletsou MN, Anastasopoulou A, Kontoyiannis DP. Therapy of mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2018;4:3.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh T, Groll A, Hiemenz J, Fleming R, Roilides E, Anaissie E. Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:48–66. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00839.x14748802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RN, Scott LJ, Vaughn HH, Ribes JA. Zygomycosis (mucormycosis): emerging clinical importance and new treatments. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17(6):517–525. doi:10.1097/00001432-200412000-0000315640705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noorifard M, Sekhavati E, Jalaei Khoo H, Hazraty I, Tabrizi R. Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of fungal infection related to Mucormycosis in hematologic malignancies. J Med Life. 2015;8(SpecIss 2):32–37.
   Google Scholar
• Andresen D, Donaldson A, Choo L, et al. Multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis complicating polymicrobial wound infections in a tsunami survivor from Sri Lanka. The Lancet. 2005;365(9462):876–878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, et al. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2214–2225. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa120478123215557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentien T, Rodriguez C, Lloyd B, et al. Invasive mold infections following combat-related injuries. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(11):1441–1449. doi:10.1093/cid/cis74923042971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramythiotou E, Frantzeskaki F, Flevari A, Armaganidis A, Dimopoulos G. Invasive fungal infections in the ICU: how to approach, how to treat. Molecules. 2014;19(1):1085–1119. doi:10.3390/molecules1901108524445340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier P, Nourrisson C, Gibold L, et al. Three cases of cutaneous mucormycosis with Lichtheimia spp. (ex Absidia/Mycocladus) in ICU. Possible cross-transmission in an intensive care unit between 2 cases. Journal de mycologie médicale. 2013;23(4):265–269. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.09.00224139734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machicado JD, Younes M, Wolf DS. A rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):1136–1137. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.038
   Google Scholar
• Sipsas NV, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive fungal infections in patients with cancer in the Intensive Care Unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39(6):464–471. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.11.01722337064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kontoyiannis DP, Wessel VC, Bodey GP, Rolston KV. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(6):851–856. doi:10.1086/31380310852735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):634–653.16080086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiada A, Pagano L, Groll A, et al. Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on Zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(12):1859–1867. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03456.x21199154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP. Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(1):60–66. doi:10.1086/43071015937764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnáiz-García M, Alonso-Pena D, Del Carmen González-Vela M, García-Palomo J, Sanz-Giménez-Rico J, Arnáiz-García A. Cutaneous mucormycosis: report of five cases and review of the literature. J Plast Reconstruct Aesthetic Surg. 2009;62(11):e434–e441.. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.04.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu R, Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:31–47. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00843.x14748801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty FM, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Cornely OA, et al. Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):828–837. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00071-226969258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagappan V, Deresinski S. Posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(12):1610–1617. doi:10.1086/52357618190324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellberg B, Ibrahim A, Roilides E, et al. Combination therapy for mucormycosis: why, what, and how? Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(suppl_1):S73–S78. doi:10.1093/cid/cir88522247449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyvernitakis A, Torres HA, Jiang Y, Chamilos G, Lewis R, Kontoyiannis DP. Initial use of combination treatment does not impact survival of 106 patients with haematologic malignancies and mucormycosis: a propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(9):811.e811–811. e818. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, et al. Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(3):364–371. doi:10.1086/58985718558882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiada A, Lanternier F, Groll AH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3). haematologica. 2019;3(7):492–504. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.065110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abzug MJ, Walsh TJ. Interferon-? and colony-stimulating factors as adjuvant therapy for refractory fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;62(11):769–773. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000134314.65398.bf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Lamaignere C, Simitsopoulou M, Roilides E, Maloukou A, Winn RM, Walsh TJ. Interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augment the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes against medically important zygomycetes. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(7):1180–1187. doi:10.1086/42850315747255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale DC, Liles WC, Llewellyn C, Price TH. Effects of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) on neutrophil kinetics and function in normal human volunteers. Am J Hematol. 1998;57(1):7–15. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199801)57:1<7::AID-AJH2>3.0.CO;2-09423810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapp A, Zeck-Kapp G. Activation of the oxidative metabolism in human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes: the role of immuno-modulating cytokines. J Investig Dermatol. 1990;95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hübel K, Dale DC, Engert A, Liles WC. Current status of granulocyte (neutrophil) transfusion therapy for infectious diseases. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(2):321–328. doi:10.1086/31794311112098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Delaying amphotericin B–based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(4):503–509. doi:10.1086/59000418611163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohindra S, Mohindra S, Gupta R, Bakshi J, Gupta SK. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: the disease spectrum in 27 patients. Mycoses. 2007;50(4):290–296. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01364.x17576322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedder M, Spratt JA, Anstadt MP, Hegde SS, Tedder SD, Lowe JE. Pulmonary mucormycosis: results of medical and surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57(4):1044–1050. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(94)90243-78166512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti A, Das A, Mandal J, et al. The rising trend of invasive zygomycosis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Sabouraudia. 2006;44(4):335–342. doi:10.1080/13693780500464930
   Google Scholar
• Yamamichi T, Horio H, Asakawa A, Okui M, Harada M. Surgery for pulmonary fungal infections complicating hematological malignancies. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;51(5):350–355. doi:10.5090/kjtcs.2018.51.5.35030402396
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarrand JJ, Lichterfeld M, Warraich I, et al. Diagnosis of invasive septate mold infections: a correlation of microbiological culture and histologic or cytologic examination. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;119(6):854–858. doi:10.1309/EXBVYAUPENBM285Y12817433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lass-Florl C. Zygomycosis: conventional laboratory diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(Suppl 5):60–65. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02999.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong W, Keighley C, Wolfe R, et al. The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(1):26–34. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.01130036666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon L, Larosa F, Lepiller Q, et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating DNA in serum for early diagnosis of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(10):e95–101. doi:10.1093/cid/cit09423420816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon L, Herbrecht R, Grenouillet F, et al. Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillance Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(9):810.e811–810.e818. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond SP, Bialek R, Milner DA, Petschnigg EM, Baden LR, Marty FM. Molecular methods to improve diagnosis and identification of mucormycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(6):2151–2153. doi:10.1128/JCM.00256-1121508149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellanger AP, Rocchi S, Berceanu A, Scherer E, Larosa F, Millon L. Positive quantitative PCR detecting Fusarium solani in a case of mixed invasive fungal disease due to Mucorales and Fusarium solani. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020;55(5):873–876. doi:10.1038/s41409-020-0819-332024993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadrivova OV, Burygina EV, Klimko NN. Molecular diagnostics of mucormycosis in hematological patients: a literature review. J Fungi. 2019;5(4):112. doi:10.3390/jof5040112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camara-Lemarroy CR, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, et al. Clinical features and outcome of mucormycosis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2014;2014:562610. doi:10.1155/2014/56261025210515
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Yang H, Turra D, et al. The genome of opportunistic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum carries a unique set of lineage-specific chromosomes. Commun Biol. 2020;3(1):50. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0770-232005944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Anaissie E. Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(4):695–704. doi:10.1128/CMR.00014-0717934079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvinov N, da Silva MTN, van der Heijden IM, et al. An outbreak of invasive fusariosis in a children’s cancer hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(3):268.e261–268. e267. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short DP, O’Donnell K, Zhang N, Juba JH, Geiser DM. Widespread occurrence of diverse human pathogenic types of the fungus Fusarium detected in plumbing drains. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(12):4264–4272. doi:10.1128/JCM.05468-1121976755
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nucci F, Nouer SA, Capone D, Anaissie E, Nucci M Fusariosis. Paper presented at: Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Anaissie EJ, Queiroz‐Telles F, et al. Outcome predictors of 84 patients with hematologic malignancies and Fusarium infection. Cancer. 2003;98(2):315–319. doi:10.1002/cncr.1151012872351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Anaissie E. Emerging fungi. Infect Dis Clin. 2006;20(3):563–579. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2006.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander A, Beyer U, Amberg R. Systemic Fusarium oxysporum infection in an immunocompetent patient with an adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Mycoses. 1998;41(3–4):109–111. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00310.x9670761
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurien M, Anandi V, Raman R, Brahmadathan KN. Maxillary sinus fusariosis in immunocompetent hosts. J Laryngol Otol. 1992;106(8):733–736. doi:10.1017/S00222151001207291402369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiebert RM, Welliver RC, Yu Z. Fusarium osteomyelitis in a patient with pearson syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw183. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw18327757410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proenca-Pina J, Ssi Yan Kai I, Bourcier T, Fabre M, Offret H, Labetoulle M. Fusarium keratitis and endophthalmitis associated with lens contact wear. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30(1):103–107. doi:10.1007/s10792-008-9290-719360382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nucci M, Anaissie E. Cutaneous infection by Fusarium species in healthy and immunocompromised hosts: implications for diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(8):909–920. doi:10.1086/34232812355377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres HA, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. Infections caused by Fusarium species. J Chemother. 2003;15(sup2):28–35. doi:10.1179/joc.2003.15.Supplement-2.2814708964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson PE, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ. Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994;7(4):479–504. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.4.4797834602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azor M, Gené J, Cano J, Manikandan P, Venkatapathy N, Guarro J. Less-frequent Fusarium species of clinical interest: correlation between morphological and molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(5):1463–1468. doi:10.1128/JCM.02467-0819321723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CH, Lu PL, Hsiao HH, et al. Breakthrough Fusarium solani infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia receiving posaconazole prophylaxis. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(6):1079–1081. doi:10.1007/s00277-013-1943-624170227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerolle N, Raffoux E, Socie G, et al. Breakthrough invasive fungal disease in patients receiving posaconazole primary prophylaxis: a 4-year study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(11):O952–959. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.1268824861577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sautour M, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, et al. Fusarium species recovered from the water distribution system of a French university hospital. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215(3):286–292. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.11.00322177529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarro J. Lessons from animal studies for the treatment of invasive human infections due to uncommon fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(7):1447–1466. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr14321493649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odds F, Van Gerven F, Espinel-Ingroff A, et al. Evaluation of possible correlations between antifungal susceptibilities of filamentous fungi in vitro and antifungal treatment outcomes in animal infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(2):282–288. doi:10.1128/AAC.42.2.2829527773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarro J. Fusariosis, a complex infection caused by a high diversity of fungal species refractory to treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32(12):1491–1500. doi:10.1007/s10096-013-1924-723934595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnoni MV, Paula CR, Auler ME, et al. Infections caused by fusarium species in pediatric cancer patients and review of published literature. Mycopathologia. 2018;183(6):941–949. doi:10.1007/s11046-018-0257-629564632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A, Colombo A, Cordoba S, et al. International evaluation of MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff value (ECV) definitions for Fusarium species identified by molecular methods for the CLSI broth microdilution method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(2):1079–1084. doi:10.1128/AAC.02456-1526643334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Chen Y, Fang J, Zhang K. Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(26):e16246. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000001624631261588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira GH, de Angelis DA, Brasil RA, et al. Disseminated amphotericin-resistant fusariosis in acute leukemia patients: report of two cases. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1–2):107–114. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9585-023076561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Howell DN, Perfect JR, Schell WA. Morphologic criteria for the preliminary identification of Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Acremonium species by histopathology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998;109(1):45–54. doi:10.1093/ajcp/109.1.459426517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, et al. β-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(2):199–205. doi:10.1086/42194415307029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1→ 3) β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(5):654–659. doi:10.1086/43247016080087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herkert PF, AMS A-H, de Oliveira Salvador GL, et al. Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of clinical fusarium species from Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:737. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.0073731024507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngamskulrungroj P, Gilgado F, Faganello J, et al. Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties. PLoS One. 2009;4:6. doi:10.1371/annotation/3037bb69-1b8e-4d99-b169-afdf4b74ace2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastain DB, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C. Opportunistic invasive mycoses in AIDS: cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis, and talaromycosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2017;19(10):36. doi:10.1007/s11908-017-0592-728831671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CdC S, Wirth F, Lopes LB, Ishida K. New approaches for cryptococcosis treatment. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):613. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8040613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao X, Mednick A, Alvarez M, Van Rooijen N, Casadevall A, Goldman DL. An innate immune system cell is a major determinant of species-related susceptibility differences to fungal pneumonia. J Immunol. 2005;175(5):3244–3251. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.324416116215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman DL, Fries BC, Franzot SP, Montella L, Casadevall A. Phenotypic switching in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with changes in virulence and pulmonary inflammatory response in rodents. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95(25):14967–14972. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.149679843999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouklas T, Pechuan X, Goldman DL, Edelman B, Bergman A, Fries BC. Old Cryptococcus neoformans cells contribute to virulence in chronic cryptococcosis. MBio. 2013;4(4):e00455–00413. doi:10.1128/mBio.00455-1323943761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 2009;23(4):525–530. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac19182676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirley RM, Baddley JW. Cryptococcal lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(3):254–260. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e328329268d19352182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao C, Goldman DL. Cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected children. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2016;18(9):27. doi:10.1007/s11908-016-0534-927443557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(5):690–699. doi:10.1086/32259711477526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand T, Revest M, Tattevin P, et al. Early cryptococcal meningitis following treatment with rituximab, fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(3):643–645. doi:10.3109/10428194.2012.71708122924391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison VA. Infectious complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: pathogenesis, spectrum of infection, and approaches to prophylaxis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2009;9(5):365–370. doi:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.07119858055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stankowicz M, Banaszynski M, Crawford R. Cryptococcal infections in two patients receiving ibrutinib therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2019;25(3):710–714. doi:10.1177/107815521775207829343153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allahmoradi E, Taghiloo S, Tehrani M, et al. CD4+ T cells are exhausted and show functional defects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Iran J Immunol. 2017;14(4):257–269.29276179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SS, Lee H, Park WS, et al. A case of disseminated infection with skin manifestation due to non-neoformans and non-gattii Cryptococcus in a patient with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Infect Chemother. 2017;49(2):142–145. doi:10.3947/ic.2017.49.2.14228271644
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan Z, Mokaddas E, Ahmad S, Burhamah MH. Isolation of Cryptococcus magnus and Cryptococcus chernovii from nasal cavities of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Mycol. 2011;49(4):439–443. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.53069620979444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limper AH, Adenis A, Le T, Harrison TS. Fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):e334–e343. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30303-128774701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulware DR, Rolfes MA, Rajasingham R, et al. Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(1):45. doi:10.3201/eid2001.13090624378231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DA, Kiiza T, Kwizera R, et al. Evaluation of fingerstick cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in HIV-infected persons: a diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):464–467. doi:10.1093/cid/civ26325838287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongomin F, Oladele RO, Gago S, Moore CB, Richardson MD. A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species. Mycoses. 2018;61(5):290–297. doi:10.1111/myc.1274729377368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assing K, Birgens H, Arendrup M. Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans resistant to fluconazole in an HIV-negative patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(5):441–444. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00571.x12848761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami K, Tohyama M, Teruya K, Kudeken N, Xie Q, Saito A. Contribution of interferon-γ in protecting mice during pulmonary and disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1996;13(2):123–130.8731020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nooney L, Matthews RC, Burnie JP. Evaluation of Mycograb®, amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole in combination against Cryptococcus neoformans by checkerboard and time-kill methodologies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;51(1):19–29. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.08.01315629225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect J, et al. Phase I evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of murine-derived anticryptococcal antibody 18B7 in subjects with treated cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):952–958. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.3.952-958.200515728888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai B, Wu C, Wang L, Sachs MS, Lin X. The antidepressant sertraline provides a promising therapeutic option for neurotropic cryptococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(7):3758–3766. doi:10.1128/AAC.00212-1222508310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butts A, Koselny K, Chabrier-Roselló Y, et al. Estrogen receptor antagonists are anti-cryptococcal agents that directly bind EF hand proteins and synergize with fluconazole in vivo. MBio. 2014;5(1):e00765–00713. doi:10.1128/mBio.00765-1324520056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg V, Jones E, Friedman BJ, Lee JB, Yang S Invasive trichosporonosis treated with voriconazole. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• de Almeida Júnior JN, Hennequin C. Invasive trichosporon infection: a systematic review on a re-emerging fungal pathogen. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1629. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.0162927799926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster CE, Edwards MS, Brackett J, Schady DA, Healy CM, Baker CJ. Trichosporonosis in pediatric patients with a hematologic disorder. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):199–204. doi:10.1093/jpids/pix03128510690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxfield L, Matthews JJ, Ambrosetti DR, Ephtimios IE. Trichosporon fungemia in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. IDCases. 2015;2(4):106–108. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2015.09.00726793473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki K, Nakase K, Kyo T, et al. Fatal Trichosporon fungemia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Haematol. 2010;84(5):441–447. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01410.x20059528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Araoka H, Yamamoto H, et al. Micafungin breakthrough fungemia in patients with hematological disorders. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(5):e02183–02117. doi:10.1128/AAC.02183-1729530846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos CO, Zijlstra JG, Porte RJet al,. Emerging pan-resistance in Trichosporon species: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1477-3.27074951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karigane D, Sakurai M, Matsuyama E, et al. Successful treatment of breakthrough disseminated Trichosporon asahii fungemia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia receiving itraconazole prophylaxis. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2018;20:1–3. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.11.00629264110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galligan ER, Fix L, Husain S, Zachariah P, Yamashiro DJ, Lauren CT. Disseminated trichosporonosis with atypical histologic findings in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Cutan Pathol. 2019;46(2):159–161. doi:10.1111/cup.1339730468020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies GE, Thornton CR. Differentiation of the emerging human pathogens Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon asteroides from other pathogenic yeasts and moulds by using species-specific monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One. 2014;9:1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obana Y, Sano M, Jike T, Homma T, Nemoto N. Differential diagnosis of trichosporonosis using conventional histopathological stains and electron microscopy. Histopathology. 2010;56(3):372–383. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03477.x20459537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendrup M, Boekhout T, Akova M, et al. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:76–98. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Yokote T, Oka S, et al. Endophthalmitis due to Trichosporon beigelii in acute leukemia. Int J Hematol. 2007;85(5):415–417. doi:10.1532/IJH97.0622817562617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez‐González D, Perusquía‐Ortiz AM, Hundeiker M, Bonifaz A. Opportunistic yeast infections: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, trichosporonosis and geotrichosis. JDDG. 2013;11(5):381–394. doi:10.1111/ddg.1209723621330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross JW, Kan VL. Trichosporon asahii infection in an advanced AIDS patient and literature review. AIDS. 2008;22(6):793–795. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f51ecc18356615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Y-M, Huang W-M, Yang Y-P, Li W, Li S-F. Primary cutaneous trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon dermatis in an immunocompetent man. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(2):434–436. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.02021763573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsue K, Uryu H, Koseki M, Asada N, Takeuchi M. Breakthrough trichosporonosis in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving micafungin. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(6):753–757. doi:10.1086/50032316477548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tager D, Hatch A, Segar J, Roller B, Al Mohajer M, Zangeneh TT. Coccidioidal meningitis complicated by central nervous system vasculitis in a patient with leukemia. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2017;16:8–11. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.03.00328386527
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurata K, Nishimura S, Ichikawa H, et al. Invasive Scopulariopsis alboflavescens infection in patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol. 2018;108(6):658–664. doi:10.1007/s12185-018-2496-129987744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Wei J, Chen Z. Fatal bronchial invasion of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in an acute monocytic leukemia patient. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73(4):369–371. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.04.01022633337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck O, Segal N, Yariv F, et al. Pediatric invasive sinonasal Scopulariopsis brevicaulis–a case report and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(7):891–893. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.03.02621543124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng KP, Soo-Hoo TS, Na SL, Gan GG, Sangkar JV, Teh AK. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(4):608–612.15190640
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gavril D, Woerther PL, Ben Lakhdar A, et al. Invasive cutaneous infection due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis unsuccessfully treated with high-dose micafungin in a neutropenic patient. Infection. 2017;45(3):361–363. doi:10.1007/s15010-016-0971-227909895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oya S, Muta T. Breakthrough infection of Geotrichum capitatum during empirical caspofungin therapy after umbilical cord blood transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2018;108(5):558–563. doi:10.1007/s12185-018-2481-829926359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkan OM, Atalay MA, Koc AN, Pala C, Aydemir G, Kaynar L. [Fungemia and septic arthritis caused by Saprochaete capitata in a patient with fanconi aplastic anemia: a case report]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2017;51(1):87–93. Turkish. doi:10.5578/mb.3317628283014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikuta K, Torimoto Y, Yamamoto M, et al. Successful treatment of systemic Geotrichum capitatum infection by liposomal amphotericin-B, itraconazole, and voriconazole in a Japanese man. Intern Med. 2010;49(22):2499–2503. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.388721088357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fianchi L, Montini L, Caira M, et al. Combined voriconazole plus caspofungin therapy for the treatment of probable Geotrichum pneumonia in a leukemia patient. Infection. 2008;36(1):65–67. doi:10.1007/s15010-007-6235-417926005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao GX, Tang HL, Zhang X, Xin XL, Feng J, Chen XQ. Invasive fungal infection caused by geotrichum capitatum in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case study and literature review. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(8):14228–14235.26550401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima N, Mannen K, Okamoto S, Shinogi T, Nishimoto K, Sueoka E. Disseminated Ochroconis gallopavum infection in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a case report and review of the literature on hematological malignancies. Intern Med. 2005;44(8):879–882. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.44.87916157992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong SY, Peleg AY, Yoong J, Handke R, Szer J, Slavin M. Breakthrough Scedosporium prolificans infection while receiving voriconazole prophylaxis in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007;9(3):241–243. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2007.00203.x17605752
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• García-Ruiz JC, Amutio E, Hernández I, et al. Clinical resolution of Scedosporium prolificans pneumonia associated with treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in a patient with acute leukemia. Rev Iberoam Micol. 1998;15(3):158–159.18473538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanmantgad M, Nog R, Seiter K. Acute myeloid leukemia and fatal Scedosporium prolificans sepsis after eculizumab treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a case report. Stem Cell Investig. 2017;4:100. doi:10.21037/sci.2017.12.04
   Google Scholar
• Ochi Y, Hiramoto N, Takegawa H, et al. Infective endocarditis caused by Scedosporium prolificans infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing induction chemotherapy. Int J Hematol. 2015;101(6):620–625. doi:10.1007/s12185-015-1752-x25630434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar