Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Lung Injury Caused by Viral Infection

References

• Menikdiwela KR, Ramalingam L, Rasha F, et al. Autophagy in metabolic syndrome: breaking the wheel by targeting the renin-angiotensin system. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(2):87. doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2275-932015340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuiri S, Ohashi Y. ACE and ACE2 in kidney disease. World J Nephrol. 2015;4(1):74–82. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i1.7425664248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos RAS, Oudit GY, Verano-Braga T, Canta G, Steckelings UM, Bader M. The renin-angiotensin system: going beyond the classical paradigms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;316(5):H958–H970. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00723.201830707614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarzani R, Giulietti F, Di Pentima C, Filipponi A, Spannella F. Antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the era of COVID-19. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(5):885–887. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02365-532424634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz Ocaranza M, Riquelme JA, Garcia L, et al. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(2):116–129. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0244-831427727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal V, Gupta JK, Qureshi SS, Vishwakarma VK. Role of cardiac renin angiotensin system in ischemia reperfusion injury and preconditioning of heart. Indian Heart J. 2016;68(6):856–861. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2016.06.01027931559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical renin-angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(3):1201–1228.24944035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Hafez A, Mohamed T, Omar H, Shemis M, Uhal BD. The renin angiotensin system in liver and lung: impact and therapeutic potential in organ fibrosis. J Lung Pulm Respir Res. 2018;5(1).
   Google Scholar
• Maca J, Jor O, Holub M, et al. Past and present ARDS mortality rates: a systematic review. Respir Care. 2017;62(1):113–122. doi:10.4187/respcare.0471627803355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA. 2016;315(8):788–800. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.029126903337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt Y, Kurdowska A, Allen TC. Acute lung injury: a clinical and molecular review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140(4):345–350. doi:10.5858/arpa.2015-0519-RA27028393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson BT, Chambers RC, Liu KD. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):562–572. doi:10.1056/NEJMra160807728792873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling Y, Wei J, Wang A, Jin H. Advances in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Carcinogen Teratogen Mutagen. 2017;29(02):151–154.
   Google Scholar
• Li C, Bo L, Li P, et al. Losartan, a selective antagonist of AT1 receptor, attenuates seawater inhalation induced lung injury via modulating JAK2/STATs and apoptosis in rat. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:69–79. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.00228483563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Zagariya A, Ibarra-Sunga O, et al. Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in human and rat alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(5):L885–L889.10330045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhao W, Yu G, Jin F. ACE-2/ANG1-7 ameliorates ER stress-induced apoptosis in seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018;315(6):L1015–L1027. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00163.201830335496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Qiu HB, Yang Y, Wang L, Ding HM, Li HP. Losartan, an antagonist of AT1 receptor for angiotensin II, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rat. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009;481(1):131–136. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.01918940180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins JO, Zanoni FL, Martins DO, et al. Insulin regulates cytokines and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression through nuclear factor-kappaB activation in LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. Shock. 2009;31(4):404–409. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e318186275e18791499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao CS, Yin Q, Huang L, Zhan Z, Yang JB, Xiong HW. Effect of angiotensin II on the expression of aquaporin 1 in lung of rats following acute lung injury. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2010;22(7):426–429.20663307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng J, Wang DX, Deng W, Li CY, Tong J. The effect of endogenous angiotensin II on alveolar fluid clearance in rats with acute lung injury. Can Respir J. 2012;19(5):311–318. doi:10.1155/2012/95102523061076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YH, Mungunsukh O, Tutino RL, Marquez AP, Day RM. Angiotensin-II-induced apoptosis requires regulation of nucleolin and Bcl-xL by SHP-2 in primary lung endothelial cells. J Cell Sci. 2010;123(Pt 10):1634–1643. doi:10.1242/jcs.06354520406888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall RP, Gohlke P, Chambers RC, et al. Angiotensin II and the fibroproliferative response to acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286(1):L156–L164. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00313.200212754187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmussen S, Bartha E, Olah G, et al. The Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril inhibits poly(adp-ribose) polymerase activation and exerts beneficial effects in an ovine model of burn and smoke injury. Shock. 2011;36(4):402–409. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e318228f61421701415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;362(9380):263–270. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13967-012892955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases; 2003 Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/. Accessed 922, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1953–1966. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa03078112690092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300(5624):1394–1399. doi:10.1126/science.108595212730500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450–454. doi:10.1038/nature0214514647384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heurich A, Hofmann-Winkler H, Gierer S, Liepold T, Jahn O, Pohlmann S. TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. J Virol. 2014;88(2):1293–1307. doi:10.1128/JVI.02202-1324227843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875–879. doi:10.1038/nm126716007097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoyama S, Keicho N, Quy T, et al. ACE1 polymorphism and progression of SARS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323(3):1124–1129. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.20815381116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Cao JJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and severe lung injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(10):2013–2017. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.00932735889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990;86(4):1343–1346. doi:10.1172/JCI1148441976655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang NL, Chan PK, Wong CK, et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem. 2005;51(12):2333–2340. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.05446016195357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu H, Li J. The introduction of cytokines in SARS and their elimination and antagonism. Chin J Dialysis Artif Organs. 2003;02:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kong SL, Chui P, Lim B, Salto-Tellez M. Elucidating the molecular physiopathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe acute respiratory syndrome patients. Virus Res. 2009;145(2):260–269. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.01419635508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, et al. The preliminary understanding of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Environ Chem. 2020;39(02):283–291.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280 e278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.05232142651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):562–569. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y32094589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Liu W. Puzzle of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (2019-nCoV). Protein Cell. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J Virol. 2020;94(7). doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;202(5):756–759. doi:10.1164/rccm.202001-0179LE
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–116. doi:10.1038/nature0371216001071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Molina-Molina M, Abdul-Hafez A, Uhal V, Xaubet A, Uhal BD. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 is protective but downregulated in human and experimental lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295(1):L178–L185. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00009.200818441099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye R, Liu Z. ACE2 exhibits protective effects against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting the LPS-TLR4 pathway. Exp Mol Pathol. 2020;113:104350. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.10435031805278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteil V, Kwon H, Prado P, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2. Cell. 2020;181(4):905–913.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.00432333836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell. 2020;181(5):1016–1035.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.03532413319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):364–374. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1643-832048163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-732007143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, et al. Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell. 2008;133(2):235–249. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.04318423196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-332171076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pati A, Mahto H, Padhi S, Panda AK. ACE deletion allele is associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rate: an epidemiological study in the Asian population. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;510:455–458. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.00832791137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e21. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-832171062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Sanga V, Barton M. Potential harmful effects of discontinuing ACE-inhibitors and ARBs in COVID-19 patients. Elife. 2020;9. doi:10.7554/eLife.57278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bian J, Zhao R, Zhai S, Li Z. Letter to the editor: anti-RAS drugs and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020;10(7):1251–1252. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.01332363137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, Siani A. Covid-19 and cardiovascular risk: susceptibility to infection to SARS-CoV-2, severity and prognosis of Covid-19 and blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. An evidence-based viewpoint. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(8):1227–1235. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.01332595085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kai H, Kai M. Interactions of coronaviruses with ACE2, angiotensin II, and RAS inhibitors-lessons from available evidence and insights into COVID-19. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(7):648–654. doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0455-832341442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653–1659. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr200576032227760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ombarak RA, Zayda MG, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S. Serotypes, pathogenic potential, and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis milk samples in Egypt. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2019;72(5):337–339. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.53831061360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandre J, Cracowski JL, Richard V, Bouhanick B; Drugs C-wgotFSoPT. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and COVID-19 infection. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2020;81(2–3):63–67. doi:10.1016/j.ando.2020.04.00532370986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Otero D, Lopez-Pais J, Cacho-Antonio CE, et al. Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on COVID-19 in a western population. CARDIOVID registry. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2020. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2020.05.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam KW, Chow KW, Vo J, et al. Continued in-hospital ACE inhibitor and ARB use in hypertensive COVID-19 patients is associated with positive clinical outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(8):1256–1264. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa44732702098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Zhang X, Zhang X, et al. COVID-19 patients with hypertension have more severity condition, and ACEI/ARB treatment have no influence on the clinical severity and outcome. J Infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean DM, Kraljevic Z, Searle T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(6):967–974. doi:10.1002/ejhf.192432485082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover A, Oberoi M. A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X, Zhu Y, Hong Y. Decreased mortality of COVID-19 with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors therapy in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):e13–e14. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.1557232458694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Yu J, Pan LY, Jiang HY. ACEI/ARB use and risk of infection or severity or mortality of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104927. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.10492732422341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram K, Insel PA. Risks of ACE inhibitor and ARB usage in COVID-19: evaluating the evidence. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(2):236–241. doi:10.1002/cpt.186332320478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey K, King VJ, Gurley S, et al. Risks and impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers on SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults: a living systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(3):195–203. doi:10.7326/M20-151532422062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamming I, van Goor H, Turner AJ, et al. Differential regulation of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 during ACE inhibition and dietary sodium restriction in healthy rats. Exp Physiol. 2008;93(5):631–638. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.04185518192334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111(20):2605–2610. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.51046115897343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, et al. Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(4):369–375; discussion 322–364. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmanan AP, Thandavarayan RA, Watanabe K, et al. Modulation of AT-1R/MAPK cascade by an olmesartan treatment attenuates diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;348(1):104–111. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.04121827824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):467–471. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01182-99482437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Pang L, Ruan S, Zhang X. Global dynamics of avian influenza epidemic models with psychological effect. Comput Math Methods Med. 2015;2015:913726. doi:10.1155/2015/91372625861378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao HN, Lu HZ, Cao B, et al. Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(24):2277–2285. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130558423697469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Z, Yan Y, Shu Y, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N1 infections. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3594. doi:10.1038/ncomms459424800825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Liu Q, Li N, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blocker as a novel therapy in acute lung injury induced by avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in mouse. Sci China Life Sci. 2015;58(2):208–211. doi:10.1007/s11427-015-4814-725655897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao HX Establishment of animal model of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus pneumonia and its pathogenesis [phD]. Jilin, China: Jilin University; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006;12(10):1203–1207. doi:10.1038/nm147716964257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan MC, Cheung CY, Chui WH, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2005;6:135. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-13516283933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su S, Gu M, Liu D, et al. Epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis of H7N9 influenza viruses in five epidemic waves since 2013 in China. Trends Microbiol. 2017;25(9):713–728. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.00828734617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-Monthly Risk Assessment Summary; 2019 Available from: https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_09_04_2019.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 922, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Zhang W, Wang F, et al. Structures and receptor binding of hemagglutinins from human-infecting H7N9 influenza viruses. Science. 2013;342(6155):243–247. doi:10.1126/science.124291724009358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Peng R, Zhang W, et al. Avian-to-human receptor-binding adaptation of avian H7N9 influenza virus hemagglutinin. Cell Rep. 2019;29(8):2217–2228 e2215. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.04731747596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran A, Srinivasan A, Raman R, et al. Glycan topology determines human adaptation of avian H5N1 virus hemagglutinin. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26(1):107–113. doi:10.1038/nbt137518176555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Wang D, Gao R, et al. Biological features of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Nature. 2013;499(7459):500–503.23823727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang F, Guo J, Zou Z, et al. Angiotensin II plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3595. doi:10.1038/ncomms459524800963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang P, Gu H, Zhao Z, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7027. doi:10.1038/srep0702725391767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei J, Yin X, Shang H, Jiang Y. IP-10 is highly involved in HIV infection. Cytokine. 2019;115:97–103. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.01830472104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand foot and mouth disease (2018 edition). Chin J Viral Dis. 2018;8(05):347–352.
   Google Scholar
• Kao SJ, Yang FL, Hsu YH, Chen HI. Mechanism of fulminant pulmonary edema caused by enterovirus 71. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(12):1784–1788. doi:10.1086/42102115227628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen HY, Wang L, Xia Q, Xu JX, Xuan AL. Changes and significance of serum angiotensin II level and basic vital signs in children with hand-foot-mouth disease. Maternal Child Health Care China. 2019;34(16):3695–3697.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamura H, Kawazoe Y, Miyamoto K, Yamamoto T, Ohta Y, Morimoto T. Effect of norepinephrine dosage on mortality in patients with septic shock. J Intensive Care. 2018;6:12. doi:10.1186/s40560-018-0280-129497535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Chen S, Zhou G, et al. Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in the progression of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197861. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.019786129791486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan G, Yang H, Shi L, et al. Serum inflammatory cytokine levels correlate with hand-foot-mouth disease severity: a nested serial case-control study. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.011267625391156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TY, Hsia SH, Huang YC, Wu CT, Chang LY. Proinflammatory cytokine reactions in enterovirus 71 infections of the central nervous system. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(3):269–274. doi:10.1086/34590512539066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SM, Lei HY, Huang KJ, et al. Pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis in pediatric patients: roles of cytokines and cellular immune activation in patients with pulmonary edema. J Infect Dis. 2003;188(4):564–570. doi:10.1086/37699812898444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TY, Chang LY, Huang YC, Hsu KH, Chiu CH, Yang KD. Different proinflammatory reactions in fatal and non-fatal enterovirus 71 infections: implications for early recognition and therapy. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(6):632–635. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03292.x12162592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu D, Zhao XY, Yao Y, et al. A new factor influencing pathogen detection by molecular assay in children with both mild and severe hand, foot, and mouth disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76(2):162–167. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.01123535205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng XQ, Chen XQ, Gao Y, et al. Elevation of human leukocyte antigen-G expression is associated with the severe encephalitis associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema caused by Enterovirus 71. Clin Exp Med. 2014;14(2):161–167.23605689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Choi SM, Lee J, et al. Effect of renin-angiotensin system blockage in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective case control study. Korean J Crit Care Med. 2017;32(2):154–163. doi:10.4266/kjccm.2016.0097631723629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spannella F, Giulietti F, Balietti P, et al. Renin-angiotensin system blockers and statins are associated with lower in-hospital mortality in very elderly hypertensives. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):342–347. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.09.02329128438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry C, Zaizafoun M, Stock E, Ghamande S, Arroliga AC, White HD. Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on viral pneumonia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2018;31(4):419–423. doi:10.1080/08998280.2018.149929330948970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar