Bacterial Profiles and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from Inanimate Hospital Environments at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

References

• Mora M, Mahnert A, Koskinen K, et al. Microorganisms in confined habitats: microbial monitoring and control of intensive care units, operating rooms, clean rooms and the International Space Station. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1573.27790191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozman U, Šostar Turk S. PCR technique for the microbial analysis of inanimate hospital environment In: Polymerase Chain Reaction for Biomedical Applications UK. InTech; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Bakkali M, Hmid K, Kari K, Zouhdi M, Mzibri M. Characterization of bacterial strains and their resistance status in hospital environment. J Trop Dis. 2015;4(180):2.
   Google Scholar
• Loftus RW, Brown JR, Koff MD, et al. Multiple reservoirs contribute to intraoperative bacterial transmission. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(6):1236–1248. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824970a222467892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales L, Rodriguez C, Gamboa-Coronado MDM. Molecular detection of Clostridium difficile on inert surfaces from a Costa Rican hospital during and after an outbreak. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(12):1517–1519. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.09.00328340959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter JA, Yezli S, French GL. The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(7):687–699. doi:10.1086/66036321666400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebremariam TT, Declaro MFF. Operating theaters as a source of nosocomial infection: a systematic review. Saudi J Health Sci. 2014;3(1):5. doi:10.4103/2278-0521.130196
   Google Scholar
• Tesfaye T, Berhe Y, Gebreselassie K. Microbial contamination of operating theatre at Ayder Referral Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6:10.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon FB, Wadilo FW, Arota AA, Abraham YL. Antibiotic-resistant airborne bacteria and their multidrug resistance pattern at University teaching referral Hospital in South Ethiopia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12941-017-0204-228403894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engda T, Moges F, Gelaw A, Eshete S, Mekonnen F. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the University of Gondar Referral Hospital environments, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):335. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3443-129788988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endalafer N, Gebre-Selassie S, Kotiso B. Nosocomial bacterial infections in a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia. J Infect Prev. 2011;12(1):38–43. doi:10.1177/1757177410376680
   Google Scholar
• Desta K, Woldeamanuel Y, Azazh A, et al. High gastrointestinal colonization rate with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in hospitalized patients: emergence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161685. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.016168527574974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yallew WW, Kumie A, Yehuala FM. Point prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in two teaching hospitals of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2016;8:71. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S10734427601932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbanga J, Sibanda A, Rubayah S, Buwerimwe F, Mambodza K. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates on close contact surfaces and health care workers in intensive care units of a tertiary hospital in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. J Adv Med Med Res. 2018;27(2):1–15. doi:10.9734/JAMMR/2018/42764
   Google Scholar
• Shiferaw T, Gebr-Silasse L, Mulisa G. Bacterial indoor-air load and its implications for healthcare-acquired infections in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Int J Infect Control. 2016;12(1).
   Google Scholar
• Getachew H, Derbie A, Mekonnen D. Surfaces and air bacteriology of selected wards at a referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Microbiol. 2018;2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancer SJ. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 2004;56(1):10–15. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2003.09.01714706265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messai Y, Iabadene H, Benhassine T, et al. Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Algiers hospitals (Algeria). Pathologie Biologie. 2008;56(5):319–325. doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2008.05.00818585867
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen C-H, Lin Y-L, Chen K-H, et al. Bacterial diversity among four healthcare-associated institutes in Taiwan. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8230. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08679-328811583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallolio L, Raggi A, Sanna T, et al. Surveillance of environmental and procedural measures of infection control in the operating theatre setting. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):46. doi:10.3390/ijerph15010046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia LS. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 3rd Edition ed. American Society of Microbiology; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th ed CLSI supplement M100 Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Genovese C, La Fauci V, D’Amato S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms in the 21th century: a review of the literature. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(2):256.
   Google Scholar
• Suleyman G, Alangaden G, Bardossy AC. The role of environmental contamination in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens and healthcare-associated infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20(6):12. doi:10.1007/s11908-018-0620-229704133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunsola FT, Mehtar S. Challenges regarding the control of environmental sources of contamination in healthcare settings in low-and middle-income countries-a narrative review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00747-031908772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlinson S, Ciric L, Cloutman-Green E. How to carry out microbiological sampling of healthcare environment surfaces? A review of current evidence. J Hosp Infect. 2019;103(4):363–374. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2019.07.01531369807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaoui L, Mhand R, Mellouki F, Rhallabi N. Contamination of the surfaces of a health care environment by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:1–7. doi:10.1155/2019/3236526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalami AEO, Touijer H, El-Akhal F, et al. Microbiological monitoring of environment surfaces in a hospital in Fez city, Morocco. J Mater Environ Sci. 2016;7(1):123–130.
   Google Scholar
• Al Laham NA. Prevalence of bacterial contamination in general operating theaters in selected hospitals in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. J Infect Public Health. 2012;5(1):43–51. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2011.10.00622341842
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nurain AM, Bilal NE, Ibrahim ME. The frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial pathogens recovered from cancer patients and hospital environments. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(12):1055–1059. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.015
   Google Scholar
• Sserwadda I, Lukenge M, Mwambi B, Mboowa G, Walusimbi A, Segujja F. Microbial contaminants isolated from items and work surfaces in the post-operative ward at Kawolo general hospital, Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):68. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-2980-529409447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammuel C, Jatau ED, Whong CM. Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of some nosocomial pathogens isolated from Hospital Environment in Zaria, Nigeria. Aceh Int J Sci Technol. 2014;3(3):131–139. doi:10.13170/aijst.3.3.1593
   Google Scholar
• Weber DJ, Anderson D, Rutala WA. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(4):338–344. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283630f0423743816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaly RF, Simmons S, Dale C, et al. The role of the healthcare environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms: update on current best practices for containment. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014;2(3–4):79–90.25469234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Understanding and preventing transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens due to the contaminated hospital environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(5):449–452. doi:10.1086/67022323571359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santajit S, Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2475067. doi:10.1155/2016/247506727274985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemu A, Misganaw D, Wondimeneh Y. Bacterial profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of computer keyboards and mice at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Biomed Biotechnol. 2015;3(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Tajeddin E, Rashidan M, Razaghi M, et al. The role of the intensive care unit environment and health-care workers in the transmission of bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(1):13–23. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2015.05.01026117707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maryam A, Hadiza U-S, Aminu UM. Characterization and determination of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from some fomites in a teaching hospital in northern Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2014;8(8):814–818. doi:10.5897/AJMR2013.6512
   Google Scholar
• Rohr U, Kaminski A, Wilhelm M, Jurzik L, Gatermann S, Muhr G. Colonization of patients and contamination of the patients’ environment by MRSA under conditions of single-room isolation. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212(2):209–215. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.05.00318667356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekrami AR, Kayedani A, Jahangir M, Kalantar E, Jalali M. Isolation of common aerobic bacterial pathogens from the environment of seven hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2011;4(2):75–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faires MC, Pearl DL, Berke O, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS. The identification and epidemiology of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile inpatient rooms and the ward environment. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):342. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-34223883171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faires MC, Pearl DL, Ciccotelli WA, et al. A prospective study to examine the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile contamination in the general environment of three community hospitals in southern Ontario, Canada. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):290. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-29023136936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengistu H, Misganaw B, Elshaday A. Bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates in operating rooms at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. J Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;8(1):1–6. doi:10.5897/JMA2015.0349
   Google Scholar
• S Y T, J S D, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):603–661. doi:10.1128/CMR.00134-1426016486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagade OE, Ezeamagu CO, Oyelade AA, Ogunjobi AA. Comparative study of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from clinical and environmental samples. Assumption University J Tech. 2010;13(3):165–169.
   Google Scholar
• Salm F, Deja M, Gastmeier P, et al. Prolonged outbreak of clonal MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa on an intensive care unit: contaminated sinks and contamination of ultra-filtrate bags as a possible route of transmission? Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;5(1):53. doi:10.1186/s13756-016-0157-927980730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parcell BJ, Oravcova K, Pinheiro M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa intensive care unit outbreak: winnowing of transmissions with molecular and genomic typing. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(3):282–288. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.12.00529229490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6(1):130. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-13016914034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensayef S, Al Shalchi S, Sabbar M. Microbial contamination in the operating theatre: a study in a hospital in Baghdad. EMHJ. 2009;15(1):219–223.19469446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sui Y-S, Wan G-H, Chen Y-W, et al. Effectiveness of bacterial disinfectants on surfaces of mechanical ventilator systems. Respir Care. 2012;57(2):250–256.21762555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu L, Liu Y, Deng L, et al. Outbreak by ventilator-associated ST11 K. pneumoniae with co-production of CTX-M-24 and KPC-2 in a SICU of a tertiary teaching hospital in central China. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.0119027531996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin RM, Bachman MA. Colonization, infection, and the accessory genome of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:4. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.0000429404282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010;74(3):417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-1020805405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshetie S, Tarekegn F, Moges F, Amsalu A, Birhan W, Huruy K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):689. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2014-027871245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009–2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(1):1–14. doi:10.1086/66877023221186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar