Presence of HPV, EBV and HMTV Viruses Among Egyptian Breast Cancer Women: Molecular Detection and Clinical Relevance

References

• Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. Egypt source: globocan 2020. Global Cancer Observatory; 2020. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/818-egypt-fact-sheets.pdf. Accessed 129, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Alibek K, Kakpenova A, Mussabekova A, Sypabekova M, Karatayeva N. Role of viruses in the development of breast cancer. Infect Agent Cancer. 2013;8(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-8-3223302179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson JS, Salmons B, Glenn WK. Oncogenic viruses and breast cancer: mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma virus (HPV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Front Oncol. 2018;8(1):1–18. doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.0000129404275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simões PW, Medeiros LR, Pires PDS, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in breast cancer: a systematic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012;22(3):343–347. doi:10.1097/IGC.0b013e31823c712e22214962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San TH, Fujisawa M, Fushimi S, et al. Low prevalence of human mammary tumor virus (HMTV) in breast cancer patients from Myanmar. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017;12(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13027-017-0130-028053656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahmand M, Monavari SH, Shoja Z, Ghaffari H, Tavakoli M, Tavakoli A. Epstein Barr virus and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Futur Oncol. 2019;15(24):2873–2885. doi:10.2217/fon-2019-0232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naushad W, Surriya O, Sadia H. Prevalence of EBV, HPV and MMTV in Pakistani breast cancer patients: a possible etiological role of viruses in breast cancer. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;54:230–237. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.01028705719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasmeen A, Bismar TA, Kandouz M, Foulkes WD, Desprez PY, Al Moustafa AE. E6/E7 of HPV type 16 promotes cell invasion and metastasisof human breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 2007;6(16):2038–2042. doi:10.4161/cc.6.16.455517721085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodabandehlou N, Mostafaei S, Etemadi A, et al. Human papilloma virus and breast cancer: the role of inflammation and viral expressed proteins. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5286-030606139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girianelli VR, Thuler LCS, Silva GAE. Prevalence of HPV infection among women covered by the Family Health Program in the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Braz. Rev Bras Ginecol e Obs. 2010;32(1):39–46. doi:10.1590/s0100-72032010000100007
   Google Scholar
• Dossary RA, Alkharsah KR, Kussaibi H. Prevalence of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)-like sequences in human breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal breast tissues in Saudi Arabia. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4074-629291726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naushad W, Ayub S, Sadia H. Significant correlation of MMTV (Mouse mammary tumor virus) LTR gene with hormone receptor status in peripheral blood samples of breast cancer patients from North Pakistan. Int J Biosci. 2017;6655:399–405. doi:10.12692/ijb/10.3.399-405
   Google Scholar
• Bonnet M, Guinebretiere JM, Kremmer E, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in invasive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(16):1376–1381. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.16.137610451442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fawzy S, Sallam M, Mohammad N. Detection of Epstein – Barr virus in breast carcinoma in Egyptian women. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:486–492. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.12.01718258188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassab El-Naby NED, Hameda HM, Asmaa MG, Ahmed ESM. Epstein-Barr virus infection and breast invasive ductal carcinoma in Egyptian women: a single center experience. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2017;29(2):77–82. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2017.02.00228462850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn W, Heng B, Delprado W, Iacopetta B, Whitaker NJ, Lawson JS. Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus and mouse mammary tumour virus as multiple viruses in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.004878823183846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Moustafa A, Al-Antary N, Al-Antary N, et al. Co-prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus and high-risk human papillomaviruses in Syrian women with breast cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(7):1936–1939. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.113925527082145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed RA, Yussif SM. Immunohistochemical detection of human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus in invasive breast carcinoma in Egyptian women: a tissue microarray study. J Solid Tumors. 2016;6(2):8–16. doi:10.5430/jst.v6n2p8
   Google Scholar
• El-shinawi M, Mohamed HT, Abdel-fattah HH, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer: a potential role for detection of multiple viral DNAs in disease progression. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(2):494–502. doi:10.1245/s10434-015-4888-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gad Al Karim AS, Sharaf AEMM, El-Fadeel MA, Al-Shinawi MS, El-Mahdy H. Molecular characterization of viruses involvement in breast cancer patients. Cancer Biol. 2014;4(3):22–34. doi:10.1080/14768320500230185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, Van de Vijvr MJ. WHO Classification of Tumors of the Breast. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of Breast and Female Genital Organs. 4th ed. IARC Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Easton DF. Familial risks of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4(5):179–181. doi:10.1186/bcr44812223120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Bij W, Torensma R, Van Son WJ, et al. Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by monoclonal antibody staining of blood leucocytes. J Med Virol. 1988;25(2):179–188. doi:10.1002/jmv.18902502082839611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy SA, Fawzy M, El-Wakil M, Moneer MM. Presence of human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) in pediatric lymphomas: impact on clinical course and association with cytomegalovirus infection. Virol J. 2010;7(1):287. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-28720979645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manos MM, Ting Y, Wright DK, Lewis AJ, Broker TR, Wolinsky SM. Use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of genital human papillomaviruses. In: Cancer Cells. 7th ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1989:214.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto. Y, Nawata. Y, Kurasawa. K, et al. Investigation of EB VIRUS and cytomegalovirus in rapidly progressive interstetial pneumonitis in polymyositis/dermatomyositis by in situ hyberdization and polymerase chain reaction. Clin Immunol Immunol Pathol. 1995;77(3):298–306. doi:10.1006/clin.1995.1156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy SA, Abo-shadi MA, Fawzy M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections and their clinical relevance in Egyptian leukemic pediatric patients. Virol J. 2017;2:1–11. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0715-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Holland JF, Bleiweiss IJ, et al. Detection of mammary tumor virus ENV gene-like sequences in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1995;55(22):5173–5179.7585568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam S, Dasgupta H, Roychowdhury A, et al. Study of association and molecular analysis of human papillomavirus in breast cancer of Indian patients: clinical and prognostic implication. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):1–17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Cobo M, Melana SM, Holland JF, Pogo BGT. Transcription profile of a human breast cancer cell line expressing MMTV-like sequences. Infect Agent Cancer. 2006;1(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-1-723509916
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ElSheshtawy NM, Shakweer MM, EL-Ghamrini YM. Is HPV virus associated with human breast cancer? Time to re-examine the postulate. Egyptian Study. Ann Pathol Lab Med. 2017;4(1):A1–A9. doi:10.21276/apalm.2017.1143
   Google Scholar
• Elashoff JD. nQuery Advisor. Version 7.0 User’s Guide. V edition. Statistical Solutions Ltd.; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Habyarimana T, Attaleb M, Baptiste J, Youssef M, Mohammed B, Mzibri E. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in tumors from Rwandese breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer. 2018;25(2):127–133. doi:10.1007/s12282-018-0831-229350329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshammari AMA, Tarish HR, Aljanabi A. Detection of mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequence (MMTV- like sequence) in the breast cancer of Iraqi women samples by nested PCR. Kufa J Nurs Sci. 2014;4(2):34–143.
   Google Scholar
• Sigaroodi A, Nadji SA, Naghshvar F, Nategh R, Emami H, Velayati AA. Human papillomavirus is associated with breast cancer in the north part of Iran. Sci World J. 2012;2012:8. doi:10.1100/2012/837191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslamifar A, Ramezani A, Azadmanesh K, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Banifazl M, Aghakhani. A. Assessment of the association between human papillomavirus infection and breast carcinoma. Iran J Pathol. 2015;10(1):41–46.26516324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakhtiyrizadeh S, Hosseini SY, Yaghobi R, Sarvari J. Almost complete lack of human cytomegalovirus and human papillomaviruses genome in benign and malignant breast lesions in Shiraz, Southwest of Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2017;18:3319–3324. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.12.3319
   Google Scholar
• Lindel K, Forster A, Altermatt HJ, Greiner R, Gruber G. Breast cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: no evidence of a viral etiology in a group of Swiss women. Breast. 2007;16(2):172–177. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2006.09.00117088061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cremoux P, Thioux M, Lebigot I, Sigal-Zafrani B, Salmon R, Sastre-Garau X. No evidence of Human papillomavirus DNA sequences in invasive breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109(1):55–58. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9626-417624590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedau S, Kumar U, Hussain S, et al. Breast cancer and human papillomavirus infection: no evidence of HPV etiology of breast cancer in Indian women. BMC Cancer. 2011;11(1):27. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-2721247504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo IA, Shaunak S. Polymerase chain reaction in situ: an appraisal of an emerging technique. Histochem J. 1995;27(9):647–659. doi:10.1007/BF02166788557528
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan NA, Castillo A, Koriyama C, et al. Human papillomavirus detected in female breast carcinomas in Japan. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(3):408–414. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.660450218648364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang P, Wang T, Yao Q, Wang L, Chen J. Absence of human papillomavirus in patients with breast cancer in north-west China. Med Oncol. 2012;29:521–525. doi:10.1007/s12032-011-9945-521499926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahia ZA, Adam AAM, Elgizouli M, et al. Epstein Barr virus: a prime candidate of breast cancer aetiology in Sudanese patients. Infect Agent Cancer. 2014;9(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-9-924597902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrão G, Habib M, Paiva A, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients correlate with immune cell TNF- α/IFN- γ response. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-66524383403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Wang M, Wei X, et al. Associations of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in PBMCs and the subtypes with breast cancer risk. J Cancer. 2017;8(15):2944–2949. doi:10.7150/jca.2033028928885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zekri AN, Bahnassy AA, Mohamed WS, Hassan ZK. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: epidemiological and molecular study on Egyptian and Iraqi women. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2012;24(3):123–131. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2012.06.00122929918
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aboulkassim T, Yasmeen A, Akil N, Batist G, Moustafa AA. Incidence of Epstein – barr virus in Syrian women with breast cancer: a tissue microarray study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(4):951–955. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.100934225933186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiencke JK. Impact of race/ethnicity on molecular pathways in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(1):79–84. doi:10.1038/nrc125714708028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser SL, Hsu JL, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: state of the evidence for viral carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(5):688–697.15159298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasui Y, Potter JD, Stanford JL, et al. Breast cancer risk and “delayed” primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(1):9–16.11205495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulley ML. Molecular diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases. J Mol Diagn. 2001;3(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60642-311227065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink AA, Van Den Brule AJ, Van Diest P, Meijer CJ. Re: detection of Epstein-Barr virus in invasive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84(9):655–656. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.8.655
   Google Scholar
• Saeedi Z, Hadi F, Hejazi SH, Salahshournia Z. The relationship between EBV virus and breast cancer in Khuzestan Province of Iran. J Appl Biotechnol Rep. 2018;5(1):37–41. doi:10.29252/jabr.01.01.07
   Google Scholar
• Dowran R, Joharinia N, Safaei A, Bakhtiyarizadeh S, Soleimani AA. No detection of EBV, BKV and JCV in breast cancer tissue samples in Iran. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4178-330602384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharaf HM, Gomaa MF. Molecular detection of Epstein-Barr virus in breast cancer. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2012;47(1):238–248. doi:10.21608/ejhm.2012.16294
   Google Scholar
• Morales-sa A, Martı JLE, Mantilla A, Leal YA, Torres J, Fuentes-panana EM. No association between Epstein-Barr virus and mouse mammary tumor virus with breast cancer in Mexican Women. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2970. doi:10.1038/srep0297024131889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Silva A. Epstein-Barr virus in breast carcinoma in Argentina. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129(9):1088. doi:10.5858/2005-129-1088-EVIBCI16119976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbach H, Viglasky V, Lefeu F, et al. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) genome and expression in breast cancer tissue: effect of EBV infection of breast cancer cells on resistance to paclitaxel (Taxol). J Virol. 2006;80(2):845–853. doi:10.1128/jvi.80.2.845-853.200616378986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann K, Niedobitek G. Lack of evidence for an association of Epstein–Barr virus infection with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. 2002;5(1):13–17. doi:10.1186/bcr561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin BE. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human disease: facts, opinions and problems. Rev Mutat Res. 2000;462(2–3):395–405. doi:10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00028-4
   Google Scholar
• Labrecque LG, Barnes DM, Fentiman IS, Griffin BE. Epstein-Barr virus in epithelial cell tumors: a breast cancer study. Cancer Res. 1995;55(1):39–45.7805038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez. MM, Hassan. ZK, Kamel MM, Rouby MNE, Zekri ARN. Expression of MMTV-like env gene in Egyptian breast cancer patients. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 2013;22(2):67–72. doi:10.12816/0004943
   Google Scholar
• Shariatpanahi S, Farahani N, Salehi AR, Salehi R. High prevalence of mouse mammary tumor virus like gene sequences in breast cancer samples of Iranian women. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2017;36(10):621–630. doi:10.1080/15257770.2017.136049829185860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson. JS, Tran. DD, Carpenter. E, et al. presence of mouse mammary tumour-like virus gene sequences may be associated with morphology of specific human breast cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(12):1287–1292. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.03590716698952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachana M, Trimeche M, Ziadi S, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the MMTV-like associated breast carcinomas in Tunisia. Cancer Lett. 2008;271(2):222–230. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.00118639977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkind P, Du J, Khan A, Pillitteri J, Wiernik PH. Mouse mammary tumor virus-like env gene sequences in human breast tumors and in a lymphoma of a breast cancer patient. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(4):1273–1278.10778951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motamedifar M, Saki M, Ghaderi A. Lack of association of mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences in Iranian breast cancer patients. Med Princ Pr. 2012;21:244–248. doi:10.1159/000334572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawfik AM, Kassem BEB, Ayoub A, El-baseer MAA. Search for murine mammary tumor virus-like sequences in Egyptian females breast cancer. Am J Med Med Sci. 2015;5(5):223–226. doi:10.5923/j.ajmms.20150505.06
   Google Scholar
• Lawson JS, Glenn WK. Multiple oncogenic viruses are present in human breast tissues before development of virus associated breast cancer. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017;12(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s13027-017-0165-228053656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DJ, Southey MC, Giles GG, Hopper JL. No evidence of MMTV-like env sequences in specimens from the Australian Breast Cancer Family Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;125:229–235. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0946-420512660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal SM, Makki RF, Hammoudi DA. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) like sequence in breast cancer of Egyptian women. Int J Canc Prev. 2005;2(2):109–115.
   Google Scholar
• Pao CC, Lin SS, Lin CY, Maa JS, Lai CH, Hsieh TT. Identification of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;95(4):540–546. doi:10.1093/ajcp/95.4.5401849701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Bertoldo A, Garolla A, et al. Human papillomavirus proteins are found in peripheral blood and semen Cd20+ and Cd56+ cells during HPV-16 semen infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-59323280237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen. A, Keleher A, Kedda MA, Spurdle AB, McMillan NAJ, Antonsson A. Human papillomavirus DNA detected in peripheral blood samples from healthy Australian male blood donors. J Med Virol. 2009;81(10):1792–1796. doi:10.1002/jmv.2159219697401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson JS, Glenn WK, Salyakina D, Delprado W, Davidson B, Lawson JS. Human papilloma viruses and breast cancer. Front Oncol. 2015;5(December):1–12. doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.0027725667919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polansky H, Schwab H. How latent viruses cause breast cancer: an explanation based on the microcompetition model. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2019;19(3):221–226. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2018.395030579323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar