The Effects of Commercially Available Syzygium aromaticum, Anethum graveolens, Lactobacillus acidophilus LB, and Zinc as Alternatives Therapy in Experimental Mice Challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum

References

• Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, et al. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48(1):43–48. doi:10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton G. Pathogens and parasites in domestic wastewater. Wastewater Microbiol. 2005:107–151. DOI:10.1002/0471717967.ch4
   Google Scholar
• El-Shazly A, Gabor A, Mohmoud M, Abdel Aziz S, Saleh W. The use of Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay and nested polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in immuno competent, compromised patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002;32(1):1155–1166.
   Google Scholar
• Shoukry N, Dawoud H, Haridy F. Studies on zoonotic cryptosporidiosis parvum in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2009;39:479–488.
   Google Scholar
• Khalifa R, Ahmed A, Abdel-hafeez E, Mosllem F. Present status of protozoan pathogens causing water-borne disease in northern part of EL-Minia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2014;44(3):559–566. doi:10.21608/jesp.2014.90143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalifa A, Ibrahim I, Said D, Abdel-Aleem E, Nabil R. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water in Alexandria: detection and evaluation of viability by flow cytometry and different stains. PUJ. 2011;4(2):155–164.
   Google Scholar
• Sayed FG, Hamza AI, Galal LA, Sayed DM, Gaber M. Virulence of geographically different Cryptosporidium parvum isolates in experimental animal model. Ann Parasitol. 2016;62(3):221–232. doi:10.17420/ap6203.56
   Google Scholar
• Guitard J, Menotti J, Desveaux A, et al. Experimental study of the effects of probiotics on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal rats. Parasitol Res. 2006;99(5):522–527. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0181-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohra P, Sharma M, Chaudhary U. A comprehensive review of diagnostic techniques for detection of cryptosporidium parvum in stool samples. J Pharm. 2012;2(5):15–26.
   Google Scholar
• Mederle O, Mederle N, Dărăbuş G, Imre K, Olariu T. Epidemiological investigations in human cryptosporidiosis. Preliminary study. Sci Parasitol. 2010;11:20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Vaarala O. Immunological effects of probiotics with special reference to lactobacilli. Clin Exper Allergy. 2003;33(12):1634–1640. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2003.01835.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard C, Fioramonti J, Francois A, Robinson T, Neant F, Matuchansky C. Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents - physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(6):495–512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abas ASM, Elagib SM. Antiparasitic activity of aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens against Entamoeba histolytica: in vitro and in vivo study. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2021;34:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadek HA, Abdel-Rahman SM, Bakir HY, et al. The potential convention of garlic and black seed. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2020;50(3):613–621. doi:10.21608/jesp.2020.131094
   Google Scholar
• Al-Snafi AE. Antiparasitic effects of medicinal plants (part 1)-A review. IOSR J Pharm. 2016;6(3):51–66.
   Google Scholar
• Batiha GES, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. Syzygium aromaticum l. (Myrtaceae): traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules. 2020;10(2). doi:10.3390/biom10020202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Anethum graveolens: physicochemical properties, medicinal uses, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects: a review. Int J Pharm Qual Assur. 2017;8(3):88–91. doi:10.25258/ijpqa.v8i03.9569
   Google Scholar
• Ajiboye TO, Mohammed AO, Bello SA, et al. Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum seed: studies on oxidative stress biomarkers and membrane permeability. Microb Pathog. 2016;95:208–215. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey CM, Lee H, Trevors JT. Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst. Water Res. 2004;38(4):818–862. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers M-A, Florent I, Kohl L, Grellier P. Probiotics for the control of parasites: an overview. J Parasitol Res. 2011;2011:610769. doi:10.1155/2011/610769
   Google Scholar
• Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2007;1(2):e114–e114. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan W, Sellen D. Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Diarrhea Biological, Behavioural and Contextual Rationale. Toronto, Canada:University of Toronto; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Yones DA, Galal LA, Abdallah AM, Zaghlol KS. Effect of enteric parasitic infection on serum trace elements and nutritional status in upper Egyptian children. Trop Parasitol. 2015;5(1):29–35. doi:10.4103/2229-5070.145581
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. The Development of Science-Based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11138.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan D, Farghali M, Eldeek H, Gaber M, Elossily N, Ismail T. Antiprotozoal activity of silver nanoparticles against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: new insights on their feasibility as a water disinfectant. J Microbiol Methods. 2019;165:105698. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh P, Rehg JE. Comparative evaluation of several techniques for purification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from rat feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(1):38–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahiduzzaman M, Daugschies A. Therapy and prevention of cryptosporidiosis in animals. Vet Parasitol. 2012;188(3–4):203–214. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taher YA, Samud AM, El-Taher FE, et al. Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of clove oil in mice. Libyan J Med. 2015;10(1):1–7. doi:10.3402/ljm.v10.28685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng H, Tian J, Zheng Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of essential oil from the seed of Anethum graveolens L. against Candida spp. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:1–8. doi:10.1155/2011/659704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. Toxicological review of. Rev Lit Arts Am. 2010;39(110):759–786
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen SA, Pohlenz JFL. Staining of Cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981;22(3):594–596. doi:10.1186/BF03548684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egerton JR, Ott WH, Cuckler AC. Methods for evaluating anthelmintics in the laboratory and their applications to field conditions. In: Ejl S, editor. The Evaluation of Anthelmintics. 1st ed. Merck and Sharpe; 1963:46–53.
   Google Scholar
• HSE. Drinking water and health. A review and guide for population Health Service Executive. “Health Services Executive in Ireland’s”; 2008. Available from: www.hse.ie. Accessed December 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Isolauri E, Sütas Y, Kankaanpää P, Arvilommi H, Salminen S. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):444s–450s. doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.444s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Nobaek S, Kasravi B, et al. The effects of Lactobacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate- induced enterocolitis in rats. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(2):334–344. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutlu-Ingok A, Karbancioglu-Guler F. Cardamom, cumin, and dill weed essential oils: chemical compositions, antimicrobial activities, and mechanisms of action against Campylobacter spp. Molecules. 2017;22(7):1191. doi:10.3390/molecules22071191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman RD. Zinc supplementation for acute gastroenteritis. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59(4):363–364. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833fd48a.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolia R. Nitazoxanide: jack of all, master of none? Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(1):4–5. doi:10.1007/s12098-019-03131-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santin JR, Lemos M, Klein-Júnior LC, et al. Gastroprotective activity of essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum and its major component eugenol in different animal models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2011;383(2):149–158. doi:10.1007/s00210-010-0582-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin H-L, Shen T-Y, Gao Z-G, et al. Effect of lactobacillus on the gut microflora and barrier function of the rats with abdominal infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(17):2591–2596. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i17.2591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlgemuth S, Loh G, Blaut M. Recent developments and perspectives in the investigation of probiotic effects. Int J Med Microbiol. 2010;300(1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desouza A, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt C. Probiotic in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;324(7350):1361–1370. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alak JB, Wolf B, Mdurvwa E, Pimentel-Smith G, Adeyemo O. Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1997;175(1):218–221. doi:10.1093/infdis/175.1.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alak J, Wolf B, Mdurvwa E, et al. Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intestinal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunodeficient C57Bl/6 mice. Cell Mol Biol. 1999;45(6):855–863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar-Lindo E, Miranda-Langschwager P, Campos-Sanchez M, Chea-Woo E, Sack RB. Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN67363048]. BMC Pediatr. 2004;4(1):18. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-4-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33:S17–S25. doi:10.1097/00005176-200110002-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen SJ, Okoko B, Martinez E, Gregorio G, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2000. doi10.1002/14651858.cd003048
   Google Scholar
• Pickerd N, Tuthill D. Resolution of cryptosporidiosis with probiotic treatment. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80(940):112–113. doi:10.1136/pmj.2003.014175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster JC, Glass MD, Courtney PD, Ward LA. Effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Food Microbiol. 2003;20(3):351–357. doi:10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00120-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medema G, Teunis P, Blokker M, et al. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Cryptosporidium. New York:WHO;2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JVA. Meta-analysis of the effects of oral zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):326–336. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R. Reactogenicity of a combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine in healthy Indian children and adults. Indian J Gastrol. 2007;26(5):248–249.
   Google Scholar
• Rossignol J. Nitazoxanide: A First-In-Class Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent. Antivir Res. 2014;110:94–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Pulgarin DF, Muñoz-Urbano M, Gómez-Suta D, Sánchez-Duque JA, Machado-Alba JE. Bibliometric assessment of the global scientific production of nitazoxanide. Cureus. 2017;9(5):1–12. doi:10.7759/cureus.1204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslam S, Musher DM. Nitazoxanide: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum anti-infective agent. Future Microbiol. 2007;2(6):583–590. doi:10.2217/17460913.2.6.583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadi B, Mwiya M, Sianongo S, et al. High dose prolonged treatment with nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;7:1–7. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollivett TL, Nydam DV, Bowman DD, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on cryptosporidiosis in experimentally infected neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(4):1643–1648. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Shafei OK, Gawad A, Saad E, et al. Therapeutic effect of phenyl vinyl sulfone and nitazoxanide on experimentally infected mice with cryptosporidiosis. Menoufia Med J. 2018;31(3):786–794. doi:10.4103/mmj.mmj
   Google Scholar
• Theodos CM, Griffiths JK, D’Onfro J, Fairfield A, Tzipori S. Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(8):1959–1965. doi:10.1128/aac.42.8.1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanghort M, Chefchaou H, Mzabi A, et al. Oocysticidal Effect of Essential Oils (EOs) and their major components on Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium galli. Int J Poult Sci. 2019;18(10):475–482. doi:10.3923/ijps.2019.475.482
   Google Scholar
• Fang F, Candy K, Melloul E, et al. In vitro activity of ten essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1889-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado M, Dinis A, Salgueiro L, Custódio JBA, Cavaleiro C, Sousa M. Anti-Giardia activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and eugenol: effects on growth, viability, adherence and ultrastructure. Exp Parasitol. 2011;127(4):732–739. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutra FL, Oliveira MM, Santos RS, et al. Effects of linalool and eugenol on the survival of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi within macrophages. Acta Trop. 2016;164:69–76. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontes KAO, Silva LS, Santos EC, et al. Eugenol disrupts Plasmodium falciparum intracellular development during the erythrocytic cycle and protects against cerebral malaria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2021;1865(3):129813. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeredo CMO, Soares MJ. Combination of the essential oil constituents citral, eugenol and thymol enhance their inhibitory effect on Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma cruzi growth. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2013;23(5):762–768. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500007
   Google Scholar
• El-kady AM, Abdelraouf AA, Hassan TM, El-Deek HE, Fouad SS, Althagfan SS. Eugenol, a potential schistosomicidal agent with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against Schistosoma mansoni, induced liver pathology. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:709–719. doi:10.2147/IDR.S196544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils - A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(2):446–475. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaquis PJ, Stanich K, Girard B, Mazza G. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;74(1–2):101–109. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00734-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahib AS, Mohammed IH, Sloo SA. Antigiardial eff ect of Anethum graveolens aqueous extract in children. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2014;3(3):5–8. doi:10.5455/jice.20140523104104
   Google Scholar
• Farag RS, Daw ZY, Abo-Raya SH. Influence of some spice essential oils on aspergillus parasiticus growth and production of aflatoxins in a synthetic medium. J Food Sci. 1989;54(1):74–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb08571.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekhawat S, Jana GS. Anethum graveolens: an Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):179–184. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70915
   Google Scholar
• Mele R, Gomez Morales MA, Tosini F, Pozio E. Cryptosporidium parvum at different developmental stages modulates host cell apoptosis in vitro. Infect Immun. 2004;72(10):6061–6067. doi:10.1128/IAI.72.10.6061-6067.2004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedraza-Díaz S, Amar C, Nichols GL, McLauchlin J. Nested polymerase chain reaction for amplification of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(1):49–56. doi:10.3201/eid0701.700049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spano F, Putignani L, McLauchlin J, Casemore DP, Crisanti A. PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;150(2):209–217. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00115-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar