154
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Identification and Genetic Characterization of Blastocystis Species in Patients from Makkah, Saudi Arabia

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon &
Pages 491-501 | Published online: 17 Feb 2022

References

  • Wakid M, Azhar E, Zafar T. Intestinal parasitic infection among food handlers in the holy city of Makkah During Hajj season1428 Hegira (2007G). J King Abdulaziz Univ Sci. 2009;16(1):39–52. doi:10.4197/med.16-1.4
  • Aldahhasi W, Toulah F, Wakid M. Evaluation of common microscopic techniques for detection of Blastocystis hominis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2020;50(1):33–40. doi:10.21608/jesp.2020.88748
  • Belkhair J, Karrati I, Tarmidi M, El Mezouari M, Moutaj R. Blastocystis hominis microbiota: study of 13255 patients and review of the literature. J Microbiol Exp. 2021;9(2):29–32. doi:10.15406/jmen.2021.09.00319
  • Palasuwan A, Palasuwan D, Mahittikorn A, Chiabchalard R, Combes V, Popruk S. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis in communities along the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(4):455–460. doi:10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.455
  • Khademvatan S, Masjedizadeh R, Yousefi-Razin E, et al. PCR-based molecular characterization of Blastocystis hominis subtypes in southwest of Iran. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(1):43–47. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2017.03.009
  • Ajjampur SSR, Tan KSW. Pathogenic mechanisms in Blastocystis spp. - Interpreting results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Parasitol Int. 2016;65(6Pt B):772–779. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.007
  • Kantardjiev V, Galev A, Broshtilova V. Urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis spp. Asian J Res Infect Dis. 2019;2(3):1–4. doi:10.9734/ajrid/2019/v2i330105
  • Lepczyńska M, Dzika E, Kubiak K, Korycińska J. The role of Blastocystis sp. as an etiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Polish Ann Med. 2016;23:57–60. doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2015.04.001
  • Wu Z, Mirza H, Tan KSW. Intra-subtype variation in enteroadhesion accounts for differences in epithelial barrier disruption and is associated with metronidazole resistance in Blastocystis subtype-7. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(5):e2885. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002885
  • Stensvold CR, Lebbad M, Hansen A, et al. Differentiation of Blastocystis and parasitic archamoebids encountered in untreated wastewater samples by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2020;9:e00131. doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00131
  • Hublin JSY, Maloney JG, Santin M. Blastocystis in domesticated and wild mammals and birds. Res Vet Sci. 2021;135:260–282. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.031
  • Alfellani MA, Taner-Mulla D, Jacob AS, et al. Genetic diversity of Blastocystis in livestock and zoo animals. Protist. 2013;164(4):497–509. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2013.05.003
  • Stensvold CR, Tan KSW, Clark CG. Blastocystis. Trends Parasitol. 2020;36(3):315–316. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.008
  • Stensvold CR, Clark CG. Molecular identification and subtype analysis of Blastocystis. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2016;43(1):20A- 2.
  • Zhu W, Tao W, Gong B, et al. First report of Blastocystis infections in cattle in China. Vet Parasitol. 2017;246:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.001
  • Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates identified in a Sydney population and pathogenic potential of Blastocystis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32(3):335–343. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1746-z
  • El Safadi D, Meloni D, Poirier P, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Lebanon and correlation between subtype 1 and gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(6):1203–1206. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0777
  • Abdel-Hameed DM, Hassanin OM. Proteaese activity of Blastocystis hominis subtype3 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Parasitol Res. 2011;109(2):321–327. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2259-x
  • Motazedian H, Ghasemi H, Sadjjadi SM. Genomic diversity of Blastocystis hominis from patients in southern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008;102(1):85–88. doi:10.1179/136485908X252197
  • Sardarian K, Hajilooi M, Maghsood A, Moghimbeigi A, Alikhani M. A study of the genetic variability of Blastocystis hominis isolates in Hamadan, west of Iran. 2012.
  • Manser MM, Saez ACS, Chiodini PL. Faecal parasitology: concentration methodology needs to be better standardised. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(4):e0004579. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004579
  • Böhm-Gloning B, Knobloch J, Walderich B. Five subgroups of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2(8):771–778. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-383.x
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547–1549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096
  • Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4(4):406–425. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
  • Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(30):11030–11035. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404206101
  • Duda A, Kosik-Bogacka D, Lanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kołodziejczyk L, Lanocha A. The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and other protozoan parasites in soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(4):805–806. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0344
  • Riabi TR, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H, et al. Study of prevalence, distribution and clinical significance of Blastocystis isolated from two medical centers in Iran. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2017;10:S102–S107. doi:10.22037/ghfbb.v0i0.1292
  • Yoshikawa H, Wu Z, Kimata I, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based genotype classification among human Blastocystis hominis populations isolated from different countries. Parasitol Res. 2004;92(1):22–29. doi:10.1007/s00436-003-0995-2
  • Wong KHS, Ng GC, Lin RTP, Yoshikawa H, Taylor MB, Tan KSW. Predominance of subtype 3 among Blastocystis isolates from a major hospital in Singapore. Parasitol Res. 2008;102(4):663–670. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0808-0
  • Abdulsalam AM, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Ahmed A, Surin J. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates in Sebha, Libya. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084372
  • Rayan HZE, Ismail OA, El Gayar EK. Prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in patients suspected to have intestinal parasitic infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007;37(2):599–608.
  • Baldo ET, Belizario VY, De Leon WU, Kong HH, Chung D-I. Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines. Korean J Parasitol. 2004;42(2):67–70. doi:10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.67
  • Velásquez V, Caldera R, Wong W, et al. [Blastocystosis: a high prevalence of cases found in patients from Health Center of Soledad, Anzoategui State, Venezuela]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005;38(4):356–357. Portuguese. doi:10.1590/s0037-86822005000400017
  • Al-Fellani MA, Khan AH, Al-Gazoui RM, Zaid MK, Al-Ferjani MA. Prevalence and clinical features of Blastocystis hominis infection among patients in Sebha, Libya. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2007;7(1):35–40.
  • Khoshnood S, Rafiei A, Saki J, Alizadeh K. Prevalence and genotype characterization of Blastocystis hominis among the Baghmalek people in southwestern Iran in 2013–2014. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(10):4–8. doi:10.5812/jjm.23930
  • Ozyurt M, Kurt O, Mølbak K, Nielsen HV, Haznedaroglu T, Stensvold CR. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections in Turkey. Parasitol Int. 2008;57(3):300–306. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2008.01.004
  • Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp. Gut Pathog. 2014;6:17. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17
  • Rene BA, Stensvold CR, Badsberg JH, Nielsen HV. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from Blastocystis cyst excreting patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):588–592. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.588
  • Alfellani MA, Stensvold CR, Vidal-Lapiedra A, Onuoha ESU, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Clark CG. Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 2013;126(1):11–18. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.011
  • Rezaei Riabi T, Mirjalali H, Haghighi A, et al. Genetic diversity analysis of Blastocystis subtypes from both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using a barcoding region from the 18S rRNA gene. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;61:119–126. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.026
  • Moosavi A, Haghighi A, Mojarad EN, et al. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(6):2311–2315. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3085-5
  • Alinaghizade A, Mirjalali H, Mohebali M, Stensvold CR, Rezaeian M. Inter- and intra-subtype variation of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients in Iran. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;50:77–82. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.016
  • Mohamed RT, El-Bali MA, Mohamed AA, et al. Subtyping of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2114-8
  • Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(2):413–421. doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1398-9
  • Hussein EM, Hussein AM, Eida MM, Atwa MM. Pathophysiological variability of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis Egyptian isolates in experimentally infected rats. Parasitol Res. 2008;102(5):853–860. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0833-z
  • Tan TC, Suresh KG, Smith HV. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Blastocystis hominis isolates implicates subtype 3 as a subtype with pathogenic potential. Parasitol Res. 2008;104(1):85–93. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1163-5
  • Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(1):80–81. doi:10.2340/00015555-0338
  • Yan Y, Su S, Ye J, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype. Parasitol Res. 2007;101(6):1527–1532. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0672-y
  • Alfellani MA, Jacob AS, Perea NO, et al. Diversity and distribution of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in non-human primates. Parasitology. 2013;140(8):966–971. doi:10.1017/S0031182013000255
  • Lee IL, Tan TC, Tan PC, et al. Predominance of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 in rural communities, Nepal. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(4):1553–1562. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2665-0
  • Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM, et al. Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137(11):1655–1663. doi:10.1017/S0950268809002672
  • Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, et al. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(1):348–355. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005
  • Scanlan PD, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis: getting to grips with our guileful guest. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29(11):523–529. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.006
  • Pintong A, Sunyanusin S, Prasertbun R, et al. Blastocystis subtype 5: predominant subtype on pig farms, Thailand. Parasitol Int. 2018;67(6):824–828. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2018.08.009
  • Arisue N, Hashimoto T, Yoshikawa H. Sequence heterogeneity of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes among blastocystis isolates. Parasitology. 2003;126(Pt 1):1–9. doi:10.1017/s0031182002002640
  • Rivera WL. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from animal and human hosts in the Philippines. Vet Parasitol. 2008;156(3):178–182. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.001
  • Thathaisong U, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, et al. Identification of Blastocystis subtype 1 variants in the home for girls, Bangkok, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):352–358. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0237
  • Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Thathaisong U, et al. Drinking water: a possible source of blastocystis spp. subtype 1 infection in schoolchildren of a rural community in central Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(3):401–406. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.401
  • Abe N. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from various hosts. Vet Parasitol. 2004;120(3):235–242. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.003
  • Noël C, Peyronnet C, Gerbod D, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts based on the comparison of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2003;126(1):119–123. doi:10.1016/S0166-6851(02)00246-3
  • Villegas-Gómez I, Martínez-Hernández F, Urrea-Quezada A, et al. Comparison of the genetic variability of Blastocystis subtypes between human carriers from two contrasting climatic regions of México. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;44:334–340. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.036
  • Stensvold CR, Traub RJ, von Samson-himmelstjerna G, Jespersgaard C, Nielsen HV, Thompson RCA. Blastocystis: subtyping isolates using pyrosequencing technology. Exp Parasitol. 2007;116(2):111–119. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2006.12.002
  • Bart A, Wentink-Bonnema EMS, Gilis H, et al. Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blastocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital setting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):2–7. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-389
  • Sharifi Y, Abbasi F, Shahabi S, Zaraei A, Mikaeili F, Sarkari B. Comparative genotyping of Blastocystis infecting cattle and human in the south of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;72:101529. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101529