Clinical Features and Time to Recovery of Admitted COVID-19 Cases at Dilla University Referral Hospital Treatment Center, South Ethiopia

References

• Tyrrell D, Bynoe M. Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients with colds. Lancet. 1966;287:76–77. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(66)92364-6
   Google Scholar
• Morens DM, Breman JG, Calisher CH, et al. The origin of COVID-19 and why it matters. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(3):955. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naserghandi A, Allameh S, Saffarpour R. All about COVID-19 in brief. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;35:100678. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen L, Tegomoh B, Lange K, et al. Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant cluster —Nebraska, November–December 2021. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;70:28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen E, Ntoumi F, Hui DS, et al. Emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron (B. 1.1. 529)-highlights Africa’s research capabilities, but exposes major knowledge gaps, inequities of vaccine distribution, inadequacies in global COVID-19 response and control efforts. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;114:268–272. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parums DV. Revised World Health Organization (WHO) terminology for variants of concern and variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e933622–1. doi:10.12659/MSM.933622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevost J, Finzi A. The great escape? SARS-CoV-2 variants evading neutralizing responses. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(3):322–324. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, et al. Estimated transmissibility and severity of novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01 in England. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Rita Rubin M. COVID-19 vaccines vs variants—determining how much immunity is enough. JAMA. 2021;325(13):1241–1243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao S, Lou J, Cao L, et al. Differences in the case fatality risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and non-Delta variants in relation to vaccine coverage: an early ecological study in the United Kingdom. Infect Genet Evolut. 2022;97:105162. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiehzadegan S, Alaghemand N, Fox M, Venketaraman V. Analysis of the Delta Variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19. Clin Pract. 2021;11:778–784. doi:10.3390/clinpract11040093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, et al. mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants. bioRxiv. 2021;592(7855):616–622.
   Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan M, Kene D, Waganew W, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 related deaths in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2021;31(2):223–228. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v31i2.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FMOH E. National Comprehensive Covid19 Management Handbook. Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Abrahim SA, Tessema M, Defar A, et al. Time to recovery and its predictors among adults hospitalized with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0244269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244269
   Google Scholar
• CDC. COVID-19; Your Health; People with certain medical conditions; August 20, 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. Accessed February 27, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Evans SJ, et al. Factors associated with deaths due to COVID-19 versus other causes: population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Region Health Europe. 2021;6:100109. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100109
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Public Health Surveillance for COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 7 August 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bhapkar HR, Mahalle PN, Dey N, Santosh KC. Revisited COVID-19 mortality and recovery rates: are we missing recovery time period? J Med Syst. 2020;44(202). doi:10.1007/s10916-020-01668-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut C, Kato Y. Epidemiology of COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI–1):563–570. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Mafham M, Mamas MA, et al. Place and underlying cause of death during the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective cohort study of 3.5 million deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2021: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Population-Based Age-Stratified Seroepidemiological Investigation Protocol for COVID-19 Virus Infection, 17 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Adams ML, Grandpre J, Katz DL. Updated estimates of comorbidities associated with risk for COVID-19 complications based on US data [preprint]. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.20088781
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis JP. Global perspective of COVID‐19 epidemiology for a full‐cycle pandemic. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(12):e13423. doi:10.1111/eci.13423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey N, Mishra R, Fong SJ, Santosh KC, Tan S, Crespo RG. COVID-19: psychological and psychosocial impact, fear, and passion. Digit Govern Res Pract. 2020;2:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020;25(3):278. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santosh KC. AI-driven tools for coronavirus outbreak: need of active learning and cross-population train/test models on multitudinal/multimodal data. J Med Syst. 2020;44(93). doi:10.1007/s10916-020-01562-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19–31 August 2021. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Weekly Covid-19 report, 7 March 2021. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Report of Covid-19 in Ethiopia, September 9, 2021. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Haftom M, Petrucka P, Gemechu K, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards covid-19 pandemic among quarantined adults in Tigrai region, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3727. doi:10.2147/IDR.S275744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alene KA, Gelaw YA, Fetene DM, et al. COVID-19 in Ethiopia: a geospatial analysis of vulnerability to infection, case severity and death. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e044606. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shewasinad Yehualashet S, Asefa KK, Mekonnen AG, et al. Predictors of adherence to COVID-19 prevention measure among communities in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia based on health belief model: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0246006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert M, Pullano G, Pinotti F, et al. Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):871–877. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30411-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vankadari N, Wilce JA. Emerging COVID-19 coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):601–604. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1739565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellberg B, Nielsen TB, Casadevall A. Antibodies, immunity, and COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;24:460–462.
   Google Scholar
• Nalin D. Immunosenescence and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:2114. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. What we know about the COVID-19 immune response. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A. What reinfections mean for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):3–5. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30783-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbari P, Rezaei N. With risk of reinfection, is COVID-19 here to stay? Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(4):e33–e. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West J, Everden S, Nikitas N. A case of COVID-19 reinfection in the UK. Clin Med (Northfield Il). 2021;21(1):e52. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoni R, Campagna I, Panunzi S, et al. Estimating COVID-19 recovery time in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers who underwent surveillance swab testing. Public Health. 2021;196:52e8. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130–137. doi:10.1111/resp.13196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Du F, Cao X-J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients out of Wuhan from China: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05706-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alene G, Birhan A, Selamyhun T, Abebe G. Clinical characteristics of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in North Wollo Zone, North-East Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;38:217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraha HE, Gessesse Z, Gebrecherkos T, et al. Clinical features and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19 in northern Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:776–783. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenberg S, Vandromme J, Martin C. Are we equal in adversity? Does Covid-19 affect women and men differently? Maturitas. 2020;138:62–68. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weya AK, Genemo GA, Hurrisa Z, Weya TK, Ali H, Hailu AD. Survival analysis of COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based study [preprint]. PLoS One. 2021. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19298.86724
   Google Scholar
• Galvão MHR, Roncalli AG. Factors associated with increased risk of death from covid-19: a survival analysis based on confirmed cases. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. 2021;23. doi:10.1590/1980-549720200106
   Google Scholar
• Tolossa T, Wakuma B, Seyoum Gebre D, et al. Time to recovery from COVID-19 and its predictors among patients admitted to treatment center of Wollega University Referral Hospital (WURH), Western Ethiopia: survival analysis of retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0252389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leulseged TW, Hassen IS, Maru EH, et al. Determinants of time to convalescence among COVID-19 patients at millennium COVID-19 care center in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study [preprint]. medRxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.20208413
   Google Scholar