Refractory Osteomyelitis Caused by Mycobacterium aubagnense and Its L-Form: Case Report and Review of the Literature

References

• Beck-Broichsitter BE, Smeets R, Heiland M. Current concepts in pathogenesis of acute and chronic osteomyelitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28(3):240–245. doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb LH, Park J, Swanson EA, et al. CRISPR-Cas9 modified bacteriophage for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0220421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan C, Du J, Chen L. Salmonella osteomyelitis in a previously healthy neonate: a case report and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):28. doi:10.1186/s13052-018-0464-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthy M, Othman NAN, Hassan NEB, Hitam SB. Candida skull base osteomyelitis: a case report and literature review. Acta Medica. 2020;63(2):82–85. doi:10.14712/18059694.2020.22
   Google Scholar
• Jaime-Villalonga A, Saul Z, Miljkovic G. Mycobacterium arupense finger osteomyelitis: case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;92:226–227. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuki T, Miyamoto S, Yamashita T. Cryptococcal osteomyelitis of the Zygomatic bone: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):399. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05123-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri K, Kreppel AJ, Schlaudecker EP. Bartonella osteomyelitis of the acetabulum: case report and review of the literature. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15(8):463–467. doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannepalli S, Mitchell-Samon L, Guzman N, Relan M, McCarter YS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis osteomyelitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS): a case report. Cases J. 2010;3:67. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-3-67
   Google Scholar
• Errington J, Mickiewicz K, Kawai Y, Wu LJ. L-form bacteria, chronic diseases and the origins of life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016;371(1707):20150494. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavchev G, Michailova L, Markova N. Stress-induced L-forms of Mycobacterium bovis: a challenge to survivability. New Microbiol. 2013;36(2):157–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings G, Ouzounov N, Ursell T, et al. De novo morphogenesis in L-forms via geometric control of cell growth. Mol Microbiol. 2014;93(5):883–896. doi:10.1111/mmi.12703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrah TW, Enoch DA, Aliyu SH, Lever AM. Bacteraemia and subsequent vertebral osteomyelitis: a retrospective review of 125 patients. Qjm. 2011;104(3):201–207. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassilew N, Hoffmann H, Andrejak C, Lange C. Pulmonary disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Respiration. 2016;91(5):386–402. doi:10.1159/000445906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy PM, Hedberg K, Saulson A, McNelly E, Winthrop KL. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and risk factors: a changing epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(12):e124–e129. doi:10.1086/648443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristola MA, von Reyn CF, Arbeit RD, et al. High rates of disseminated infection due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria among AIDS patients in Finland. J Infect. 1999;39(1):61–67. doi:10.1016/s0163-4453(99)90104-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsaeidi M, Vu A, Leitman P, et al. A patient-based analysis of the geographic distribution of mycobacterium avium complex, mycobacterium abscessus, and mycobacterium kansasii infections in the United States. Chest. 2017;151(4):947–950. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazzi MG, Chapgier A, Defilippi AC, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection in a child with interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(2):e167–e170. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CY, Sheng WH, Lai CC, et al. Mycobacterial infections in adult patients with hematological malignancy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(6):1059–1066. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1407-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitjean G, Fluckiger U, Schären S, Laifer G. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10(11):951–953. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00949.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu H, Mizuno Y, Nakamura I, Fukushima S, Endo K, Matsumoto T. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: case reports and review. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19(5):972–977. doi:10.1007/s10156-013-0550-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markova N, Slavchev G, Michailova L, Jourdanova M. Survival of Escherichia coli under lethal heat stress by L-form conversion. Int J Biol Sci. 2010;6(4):303–315. doi:10.7150/ijbs.6.303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittler RG, Malizia WF, Kramer PE, Tuckett JD, Pritchard HN, Baker HJ. Isolation of a Corynebacterium and its transitional forms from a case of subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with antibiotics. J Gen Microbiol. 1960;23:315–333. doi:10.1099/00221287-23-2-315
   Google Scholar
• Domingue GJ, Woody HB. Bacterial persistence and expression of disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10(2):320–344. doi:10.1128/cmr.10.2.320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clasener H. Pathogenicity of the L-phase of bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1972;26:55–84. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.26.100172.000415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errington J. Cell wall-deficient, L-form bacteria in the 21st century: a personal perspective. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017;45(2):287–295. doi:10.1042/bst20160435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, He L, Shi W, et al. Glycerol uptake is important for L-form formation and persistence in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert EG, Potter CS, Hensley TJ, Cohen M, Kalmanson GM, Guze LB. L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun. 1971;4(1):60–72. doi:10.1128/iai.4.1.60-72.1971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RB. L form of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol. 1966;92(6):1609–1614. doi:10.1128/jb.92.6.1609-1614.1966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Li H, Zhang T, Chu Y, Zuo J, Chen D. Study on antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium L forms to the third and forth generation cephalosporins. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3042. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59456-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavchev G, Michailova L, Markova N. L-form transformation phenomenon in Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with drug tolerance to ethambutol. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016;5(4):454–459. doi:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.06.011
   Google Scholar
• Somoskovi A, Salfinger M. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory infections: advances in diagnosis and identification. Clin Lab Med. 2014;34(2):271–295. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell EA, Korzheva N, Mustaev A, et al. Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial rna polymerase. Cell. 2001;104(6):901–912. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00286-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemian SMR, Farhadi T, Ganjparvar M. Linezolid: a review of its properties, function, and use in critical care. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1759–1767. doi:10.2147/dddt.S164515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf S, Mendoza C, Salman SH, Kelly P, Adrish M, Rare A. Case of Mycobacterium monacense osteomyelitis: a case report. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e14199. doi:10.7759/cureus.14199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Farsi F, Al Adawi B, Ba Tahir H, et al. Mycobacterium farcinogenes osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia: a case report. IDCases. 2021;25:e01194. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad MM, Alshukairi AN, Qutub MO, Elkhizzi NA, Hilluru HM, Omrani AS. Mycobacterium riyadhense infections. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(5):620–625. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.5.11226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee AW, Dean CS, Ignatiuk A, Savelli C, Kleck CJ. Mycobacterium phlei Vertebral Osteomyelitis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2019;3(12):5. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-18-00069
   Google Scholar
• Gray ME, Liu PW, Wispelwey B. Mycobacterium Avium complex vertebral osteomyelitis in the absence of HIV infection: a case report and review. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):235. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3143-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moral MZ, Desai K, Arain AR, O’Leary RE, Haddad SF, Lawrence JP. Mycobacterium abscessus-associated vertebral osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient: a rare case report and literature review. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:53. doi:10.1038/s41394-019-0197-5
   Google Scholar
• Elsayed S, Read R. Mycobacterium haemophilum osteomyelitis: case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:70. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong KP, Tang ZH, Tan GM. Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium abscessus infections in the foot and ankle in two immunocompetent patients. Biomedicine. 2020;10(4):52–56. doi:10.37796/2211-8039.1021
   Google Scholar
• Bhatt K, Banavathi K. Mycobacterium kansasii osteomyelitis - a masquerading disease. JMM Case Rep. 2018;5(1):e005114. doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.005114
   Google Scholar
• Breda L, de Michele G, Nozzi M, De Sanctis S, Di Marzio D, Chiarelli F. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial osteomyelitis: an unusual cause of Hip pain in immunocompetent children. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(12):1487–1489. doi:10.1007/s00296-009-0844-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadota N, Shinohara T, Hino H, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus ssp. abscessus infection progressing to empyema from vertebral osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient without pulmonary disease: a case report. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):100. doi:10.1186/s12890-019-0860-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz A, Ardura MI, Wang H, Antonara S, Ouellette CP. Osteomyelitis Due to Mycobacterium goodii in an Adolescent, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(11):2781–2783. doi:10.3201/eid2611.200206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong S, Lin Z, Wu S, Cai L. Spondylitis following bloodstream dissemination of Mycobacterium chelonae disseminated in an immunocompetent patient: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(9):3000605211047766. doi:10.1177/03000605211047766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastroianni A. Mycobacterium flavescens vertebral osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent host. Infez Med. 2003;11(2):97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Harp GM, Achcar RD, Drummond WK. Necrotizing osteomyelitis in a man with disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae infection. ID Cases. 2018;12:71–73. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2018.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omori K, Kitagawa H, Tadera K, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus resulting in spinal cord injury due to vertebral body fractures. J Infect Chemother. 2022;28(2):290–294. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2021.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia DC, Sandoval-Sus J, Razzaq K, Young L. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013009597–bcr2013009597. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-009597
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JE, Gupton MS, Finn J, Deivaraju C. Chronic multifocal Osteomyelitis - is Mycobacterium avium complex really the culprit? A case report in an adult female. J Orthop Case Rep. 2021;11(9):86–89. doi:10.13107/jocr.2021.v11.i09.2428
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Lao X, Zhang C, et al. Chronic Mycobacterium avium skin and soft tissue infection complicated with scalp osteomyelitis possibly secondary to anti-interferon-γ autoantibody formation. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):203. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3771-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maupin J, Cantrell A, Kupiec K, Melendez DP, Haleem AM. Mycobacterium senegalense osteomyelitis of the distal Tibia: a case report. J Bone Jt Infect. 2019;4(3):140–145. doi:10.7150/jbji.33321
   Google Scholar