732
Views
134
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management

&
Pages 217-230 | Published online: 24 Jul 2015

References

  • LeclercqRDerlotEDuvalJCourvalinPPlasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faeciumN Engl J Med198831931571612968517
  • UttleyAHCollinsCHNaidooJGeorgeRCVancomycin-resistant enterococciLancet198818575–657582891921
  • SahmDFKissingerJGilmoreMSIn vitro susceptibility studies of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother1989339158815912554802
  • AcarJCasewellMFreemanJFriisCGoossensHAvoparcin and virginiamycin as animal growth promoters: a plea for science in decision-makingClin Microbiol Infect20006947748211168181
  • KirstHAThompsonDGNicasTIHistorical yearly usage of vancomycinAntimicrob Agents Chemother1998425130313049593175
  • BontenMJWillemsRWeinsteinRAVancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from?Lancet Infect Dis20011531432511871804
  • FriedenTRMunsiffSSLowDEEmergence of vancomycin- resistant enterococci in New York CityLancet1993342886376798100912
  • The European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance SystemEARS-Net Results2015 Available from: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/antimicrobial_resistance/database/Pages/database.aspxAccessed January 1, 2015
  • ChangSSievertDMHagemanJCInfection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance geneN Engl J Med2003348141342134712672861
  • EuzébyJPList of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature – Genus Enterococcus2015 Available from: http://www.bacterio.net/enterococcus.htmlAccessed February 17, 2015
  • SievertDMRicksPEdwardsJRNational Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)Team and Participating NHSN Facilities Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009–2010Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol201334111423221186
  • FrenchGLEnterococci and vancomycin resistanceClin Infect Dis199827Suppl 1S75S839710674
  • ZirakzadehAPatelRVancomycin-resistant enterococci: colonization, infection, detection, and treatmentMayo Clin Proc200681452953616610573
  • CattoirVLeclercqRTwenty-five years of shared life with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: is it time to divorce?J Antimicrob Chemother201368473174223208830
  • MoelleringRCJrThe Garrod lecture. The Enterococcus: a classic example of the impact of antimicrobial resistance on therapeutic optionsJ Antimicrob Chemother19912811121769929
  • MurrayBEVancomycin-resistant enterococciAm J Med199710232842939217598
  • MoelleringRCJrWeinbergANStudies on antibiotic syngerism against enterococci. II. Effect of various antibiotics on the uptake of 14 C-labeled streptomycin by enterococciJ Clin Invest19715012258025845001959
  • AriasCAContrerasGAMurrayBEManagement of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infectionsClin Microbiol Infect201016655556220569266
  • RybkineTMainardiJLSougakoffWCollatzEGutmannLPenicillin-binding protein 5 sequence alterations in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium with different levels of beta-lactam resistanceJ Infect Dis199817811591639652435
  • MurrayBEDiversity among multidrug-resistant enterococciEmerg Infect Dis19984137479452397
  • MurrayBEBeta-lactamase-producing enterococciAntimicrob Agents Chemother19923611235523591489177
  • HorodniceanuTBougueleretLEl-SolhNBiethGDelbosFHigh-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenesAntimicrob Agents Chemother1979165686689118707
  • Mederski-SamorajBDMurrayBEHigh-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of enterococciJ Infect Dis198314747517576404994
  • EliopoulosGMAminoglycoside resistant enterococcal endocarditisInfect Dis Clin North Am1993711171338463648
  • MainardiJLVilletRBuggTDMayerCArthurMEvolution of peptidoglycan biosynthesis under the selective pressure of antibiotics in Gram-positive bacteriaFEMS Microbiol Rev200832238640818266857
  • WalshCMolecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistanceNature2000406679777578110963607
  • CourvalinPVancomycin resistance in Gram-positive cocciClin Infect Dis200642Suppl 1S25S3416323116
  • BoydDAWilleyBMFawcettDGillaniNMulveyMRMolecular characterization of Enterococcus faecalis N06-0364 with low-level vancomycin resistance harboring a novel D-Ala-D-Ser gene cluster, vanLAntimicrob Agents Chemother20085272667267218458129
  • LebretonFDepardieuFBourdonND-Ala-d-Ser VanN-type transferable vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faeciumAntimicrob Agents Chemother201155104606461221807981
  • McKessarSJBerryAMBellJMTurnidgeJDPatonJCGenetic charac-terization of vanG, a novel vancomycin resistance locus of Enterococcus faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother200044113224322811036060
  • XuXLinDYanGvanM, a new glycopeptide resistance gene cluster found in Enterococcus faeciumAntimicrob Agents Chemother201054114643464720733041
  • FisherKPhillipsCThe ecology, epidemiology and virulence of EnterococcusMicrobiology2009155pt 61749175719383684
  • WernerGCoqueTMHammerumAMEmergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in EuropeEuro Surveill200813471904619021959
  • LindenPKOptimizing therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)Semin Respir Crit Care Med200728663264518095227
  • CetinkayaYFalkPMayhallCGVancomycin-resistant enterococciClin Microbiol Rev200013468670711023964
  • BadenLRCritchleyIASahmDFMolecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci repopulating the gastrointestinal tract following treatment with a novel glycolipodepsipeptide, ramoplaninJ Clin Microbiol20024041160116311923325
  • BontenMJHaydenMKNathanCRiceTWWeinsteinRAStability of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal genotypes isolated from long-term-colonized patientsJ Infect Dis199817723783829466524
  • SnyderGMThomKAFurunoJPDetection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci on the gowns and gloves of healthcare workersInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol200829758358918549314
  • NoskinGASiddiquiFStosorVKruzynskiJPetersonLRSuccessful treatment of persistent vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia with linezolid and gentamicinClin Infect Dis199928368969010194104
  • KramerASchwebkeIKampfGHow long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic reviewBMC Infect Dis2006613016914034
  • VergisENHaydenMKChowJWDeterminants of vancomycin resistance and mortality rates in enterococcal bacteremia. A prospective multicenter studyAnn Intern Med2001135748449211578151
  • FurtadoGHMendesREPignatariACWeySBMedeirosEARisk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia in hospitalized patients: an analysis of two case-control studiesAm J Infect Control200634744745116945692
  • ZacharioudakisIMZervouFNZiakasPDRiceLBMylonakisEVancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization among dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and significanceAm J Kidney Dis2015651889725042816
  • Papadimitriou-OlivgerisMDrougkaEFligouFRisk factors for enterococcal infection and colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in critically ill patientsInfection20144261013102225143193
  • Van der AuweraPPensartNKortenVMurrayBELeclercqRInfluence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococciJ Infect Dis19961735112911368627064
  • GhanemGHachemRJiangYChemalyRFRaadIOutcomes for and risk factors associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in cancer patientsInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol20072891054105917932826
  • TornieporthNGRobertsRBJohnJHafnerARileyLWRisk factors associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection or colonization in 145 matched case patients and control patientsClin Infect Dis19962347677728909842
  • FridkinSKEdwardsJRCourvalJMIntensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) ProjectThe National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System HospitalsThe effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 US adult intensive care unitsAnn Intern Med2001135317518311487484
  • HidronAIEdwardsJRPatelJNational Healthcare Safety Network TeamParticipating National Healthcare Safety Network FacilitiesNHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol20082911996101118947320
  • ZhanelGGAdamHJBaxterMRCanadian Antimicrobial Resistance AllianceAntimicrobial susceptibility of 22746 pathogens from Canadian hospitals: results of the CANWARD 2007–2011 studyJ Antimicrob Chemother201368Suppl 1i7i2223587781
  • GarrisonRNFryDEBerberichSPolkHCJrEnterococcal bacteremia: clinical implications and determinants of deathAnn Surg1982196143476807223
  • AriasCAMurrayBEEnterococcus species, Streptococcus gallolyticus group, and Leucomonstoc speciesBennettJEDolinRBlaserMJMandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious DiseasesPhiladelphiaSaunders201523282339
  • DiazGranadosCAZimmerSMKleinMJerniganJAComparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysisClin Infect Dis200541332733316007529
  • SalgadoCDThe risk of developing a vancomycin-resistant Enterococ-cus bloodstream infection for colonized patientsAm J Infect Control20083610S175.e5e8.19084155
  • HillEEHerijgersPClausPVanderschuerenSHerregodsMCPeetermansWEInfective endocarditis: changing epidemiology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort studyEur Heart J200728219620317158121
  • ForrestGNArnoldRSGammieJSGilliamBLSingle center experience of a vancomycin resistant enterococcal endocarditis cohortJ Infect201163642042821920382
  • MurrayBEThe life and times of the EnterococcusClin Microbiol Rev19903146652404568
  • Fernandez GuerreroMLGoyenecheaAVerdejoCRoblasRFde GorgolasMEnterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcomeMedicine200786636337718004181
  • HarbarthSUckayIAre there patients with peritonitis who require empiric therapy for Enterococcus?Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2004232737714735401
  • GuptaKBhadeliaNManagement of urinary tract infections from multidrug-resistant organismsInfect Dis Clin North Am2014281495924484574
  • WangJSMuzevichKEdmondMBBearmanGStevensMPCentral nervous system infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case series and review of the literatureInt J Infect Dis201425263124846601
  • Agudelo HiguitaNIHuyckeMMEnterococcal disease, epidemiology, and implications for treatmentGilmoreMSClewellDBIkeYEnterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]BostonMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary2014127 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190429/Accessed January 1, 2015
  • WilliamsonJCCraftDWButtsJDRaaschRHIn vitro assessment of urinary isolates of ampicillin-resistant enterococciAnn Pharmacother200236224625011847942
  • WatanakunakornCPatelRComparison of patients with enterococcal bacteremia due to strains with and without high-level resistance to gentamicinClin Infect Dis199317174788353250
  • KrogstadDJPargwetteARDefective killing of enterococci: a common property of antimicrobial agents acting on the cell wallAntimicrob Agents Chemother19801769659686902640
  • MurrayBEVancomycin-resistant enterococcal infectionsN Engl J Med20003421071072110706902
  • DodgeRADalyJSDavaroRGlewRHHigh-dose ampicillin plus streptomycin for treatment of a patient with severe infection due to multiresistant enterococciClin Infect Dis1997255126912709402411
  • Fernández-HidalgoNAlmiranteBGavaldàJAmpicillin plus ceftriaxone is as effective as ampicillin plus gentamicin for treating Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditisClin Infect Dis20135691261126823392394
  • MainardiJLGutmannLAcarJFGoldsteinFWSynergistic effect of amoxicillin and cefotaxime against Enterococcus faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother1995399198419878540703
  • SinghKVWeinstockGMMurrayBEAn Enterococcus faecalis ABC homologue (Lsa) is required for the resistance of this species to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristinAntimicrob Agents Chemother20024661845185012019099
  • Synercid® IV (quinupristin/dalfopristin) [package insert]New York, NYPfizer Inc2013
  • LindenPKMoelleringRCWoodCASynercid Emergency-Use Study GroupTreatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections with quinupristin/dalfopristinClin Infect Dis200133111816182311668430
  • BaddourLMWilsonWRBayerASCommittee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki DiseaseCouncil on Cardiovascular Disease in the YoungCouncils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and AnesthesiaAmerican Heart AssociationInfectious Diseases Society of AmericaInfective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaCirculation200511123e394e43415956145
  • BrownJFreemanBB3rdCombining quinupristin/dalfopristin with other agents for resistant infectionsAnn Pharmacother200438467768514990776
  • KnollBMHellmannMKottonCNVancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis in adults: case series and review of the literatureScand J Infect Dis201345213113922992165
  • DeverLLSmithSMDejesusDTreatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections with an investigational streptogramin antibiotic (quinupristin/dalfopristin): a report of fifteen casesMicrob Drug Resist1996244074139158811
  • ScheetzMHKnechtelSAMalczynskiMPostelnickMJQiCIncreasing incidence of linezolid-intermediate or -resistant, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains parallels increasing linezolid consumptionAntimicrob Agents Chemother20085262256225918391028
  • DiazLKiratisinPMendesREPanessoDSinghKVAriasCATransferable plasmid-mediated resistance to linezolid due to cfr in a human clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125673917392222491691
  • BirminghamMCRaynerCRMeagherAKFlavinSMBattsDHSchentagJJLinezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use programClin Infect Dis200336215916812522747
  • TsigrelisCSinghKVCoutinhoTDMurrayBEBaddourLMVancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: linezolid failure and strain characterization of virulence factorsJ Clin Microbiol200745263163517182759
  • BornerKBornerELodeHDetermination of linezolid in human serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatographyInt J Antimicrob Agents200118325325811673038
  • HillDMWoodGCHickersonWLLinezolid bladder irrigation as adjunctive treatment for a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium catheter-associated urinary tract infectionAnn Pharmacother201549225025325515867
  • MyrianthefsPMarkantonisSLVlachosKSerum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patientsAntimicrob Agents Chemother200650123971397616982782
  • RybakJMMarxKMartinCAEarly experience with tedizolid: clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and resistancePharmacotherapy201434111198120825266820
  • BrownSDTraczewskiMMComparative in vitro antimicrobial activities of torezolid (TR-700), the active moiety of a new oxazolidinone, torezolid phosphate (TR-701), determination of tentative disk diffusion interpretive criteria, and quality control rangesAntimicrob Agents Chemother20105452063206920231392
  • LockeJBFinnJHilgersMStructure-activity relationships of diverse oxazolidinones for linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing the cfr methyltransferase gene or ribo-somal mutationsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201054125337534320837751
  • BalliEPVenetisCAMiyakisSSystematic review and meta-analysis of linezolid versus daptomycin for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremiaAntimicrob Agents Chemother201458273473924247127
  • ChuangYCWangJTLinHYChangSCDaptomycin versus lin-ezolid for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: systematic review and meta-analysisBMC Infect Dis201414168725495779
  • ReyesKZervosMEndocarditis caused by resistant Enterococcus: an overviewCurr Infect Dis Rep201315432032823749322
  • PfallerMASaderHSJonesRNEvaluation of the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 19615 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci collected in North American hospitals (2002–2005)Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis200757445946517240105
  • WerthBJSteedMEIrelandCEDefining daptomycin resistance prevention exposures in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother20145895253526124957825
  • MurrayKPZhaoJJDavisSLEarly use of daptomycin versus van-comycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration .1 mg/L: a matched cohort studyClin Infect Dis201356111562156923449272
  • CasapaoAMKullarRDavisSLMulticenter study of high-dose daptomycin for treatment of enterococcal infectionsAntimicrob Agents Chemother20135794190419623774437
  • MuellerSWKiserTHAndersonTANeumannRTIntraventricular daptomycin and intravenous linezolid for the treatment of external ventricular-drain-associated ventriculitis due to vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus faeciumAnn Pharmacother20124612e3523232018
  • HassounAACoomerRWMendez-VigoLIntraperitoneal dapto-mycin used to successfully treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus peritonitisPerit Dial Int200929667167319910570
  • FisherLNorthDEffectiveness of low-dose daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infectionsInt J Antimicrob Agents200933549349419153034
  • WerthBJBarberKETranKNCeftobiprole and ampicil-lin increase daptomycin susceptibility of daptomycin-susceptible and -resistant VREJ Antimicrob Chemother201570248949325304643
  • SakoulasGRoseWNonejuiePCeftaroline restores daptomycin activity against daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-resistant Entero-coccus faeciumAntimicrob Agents Chemother20145831494150024366742
  • EntenzaJMGiddeyMVouillamozJMoreillonPIn vitro prevention of the emergence of daptomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci following combination with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or ampicillinInt J Antimicrob Agents201035545145620185277
  • Hall SnyderAWerthBJBarberKESakoulasGRybakMJEvaluation of the novel combination of daptomycin plus ceftriaxone against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulated endocardial vegetation modelJ Antimicrob Chemother20146982148215424777900
  • SakoulasGBayerASPoglianoJAmpicillin enhances daptomycin- and cationic host defense peptide-mediated killing of ampicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciumAntimicrob Agents Chemother201256283884422123698
  • DiazLTranTTMunitaJMWhole-genome analyses of Enterococcus faecium isolates with diverse daptomycin MICsAntimicrob Agents Chemother20145884527453424867964
  • MeagherAKAmbrosePGGraselaTHEllis-GrosseEJThe phar-macokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of tigecyclineClin Infect Dis200541Suppl 5S333S34016080071
  • CurcioDTreatment of recurrent urosepsis with tigecycline: a pharmacological perspectiveJ Clin Microbiol20084651892189318460636
  • JenkinsILinezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis: successful treatment with tigecycline and daptomycinJ Hosp Med20072534334417935250
  • ScheetzMHReddyPNicolauDPPeritoneal fluid penetration of tigecyclineAnn Pharmacother200640112064206717047138
  • ZhanelGGCalicDSchweizerFNew lipoglycopeptides: a comparative review of dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancinDrugs201070785988620426497
  • Dalvance® (dalbavancin) [package insert]Chicago, ILDurata Therapeutics, Inc2014
  • VIBATIV® (telavancin) [package insert]Deerfield, ILAstellas Pharma US2009
  • BaltchALSmithRPRitzWJBoppLHComparison of inhibitory and bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects of LY333328 and ampicillin used singly and in combination against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciumAntimicrob Agents Chemother19984210256425689756756
  • LefortASaleh-MghirAGarryLCarbonCFantinBActivity of LY333328 combined with gentamicin in vitro and in rabbit experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin-susceptible or -resistant Enterococcus faecalisAntimicrob Agents Chemother200044113017302111036016
  • ZhanelGGHobanDJKarlowskyJANitrofurantoin is active against vancomycin-resistant enterococciAntimicrob Agents Chemother200145132432611120989
  • ShresthaNKChuaJDTuohyMJAntimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: potential utility of fosfomycinScand J Infect Dis2003351121412685877
  • LautenbachESchusterMGBilkerWBBrennanPJThe role of chloramphenicol in the treatment of bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-resistant EnterococcusClin Infect Dis1998275125912659827280
  • RosenthalVDMakiDGMehtaYInternational Nosocomial Infection Control ConsortiumInternational Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007–2012. Device-associated moduleAm J Infect Control201442994295625179325
  • Zyvox® (linezolid) [package insert]New York, NYPfizer Inc2007
  • Cubicin® (daptomycin) [package insert]Lexington, MACubist Pharmaceuticals2010
  • Tygacil® (tigecycline) [package insert]Philadelphia, PAWyeth Pharmaceuticals2011
  • Sivextro® (tedizolid phosphate) [package insert]Lexington, MACubist Pharmaceuticals2014
  • Orbactiv® (oritavancin) [package insert]Parsippany, NJThe Medicines Company2014