The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-middle income countries: the view from Malawi

References

• WHOGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–20202013 Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_action_plan/en/Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 2016: Malawi Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.htmlAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• WHONoncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles: Malawi2014 Available from: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/mwi_en.pdfAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationCountries profiles-Malawi Available from http://www.healthdata.org/malawiAccessed May 30, 2018
   Google Scholar
• RothGAHuffmanMDMoranAEGlobal and regional patterns in cardiovascular mortality from 1990 to 2013Circulation2015132171667167826503749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health EnglandAbout obesity2017 Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170110165525/https://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesityAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• British Heart FoundationCardiovascular disease statistics2014 Available from: https://www.bhf.org.uk/publications/statistics/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2014Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• Office for National StatisticsAdult smoking habits in the UK2016 Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcom-munity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2016Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• WHOMalawi National STEPS Survey for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and their Risk Factors2010 Available from. http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Malawi_2009_STEPS_Report.pdfAccessed May 30, 2018
   Google Scholar
• LindhorstJAlexanderNBlignautJRaynerBDifferences in hypertension between blacks and whites: an overviewCardiovasc J Afr200718424124717940670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OpieLHSeedatYKHypertension in sub-Saharan African populationsCirculation2005112233562356816330697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)Data Downloads: Diabetes Available from: http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads-diabetes.htmlAccessed June 14, 2018
   Google Scholar
• O’DonnellMJXavierDLiuLINTERSTROKE investigatorsRisk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control studyLancet2010376973511212320561675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SolimanEZJumaHCardiac disease patterns in northern Malawi: epidemiologic transition perspectiveJ Epidemiol200818520420818753734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and PreventionGlobal Health – Malawi Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/malawi/Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• SliwaKWilkinsonDHansenCSpectrum of heart disease and risk factors in a black urban population in South Africa (the Heart of Soweto Study): a cohort studyLancet2008371961691592218342686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdwardsRUnwinNMugusiFHypertension prevalence and care in an urban and rural area of TanzaniaJ Hypertens200018214515210694181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PampelFTobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: estimates from the demographic health surveysSoc Sci Med20086681772178318249479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrazzulloPD’EliaLKandalaNBCappuccioFPSalt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studiesBMJ2009339b456719934192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReddyKSYusufSEmerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countriesCirculation19989765966019494031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OyebodeOOtiSChenYFLilfordRJSalt intakes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-regressionPopul Health Metr201614126759530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DauchetLAmouyelPHercbergSDallongevilleJFruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studiesJ Nutr2006136102588259316988131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangXOuyangYLiuJFruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studiesBMJ2014349g449025073782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PoirierPGilesTDBrayGAObesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight lossArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol200626596897616627822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GordonSGrahamSEpidemiology of respiratory disease in MalawiMalawi Med J200618313414627529007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHOAnalytical summary – non-communicable diseases and conditions2016 Available from: http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/index.php/Malawi:Analytical_summary_-_Noncommunicable_diseases_and_conditionsAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• British Lung FoundationAsthma statistics2017 Available from: https://statistics.blf.org.uk/asthmaAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• MallolJCraneJvon MutiusEOdhiamboJKeilUStewartAISAAC Phase Three Study GroupThe International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: a global synthesisAllergol Immunopathol (Madr)2013412738522771150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EriksenMMackayJSchlugerNGomeshtapehFDropeJThe Tobacco Atlas, 5thAtlanta, GAAmerican Cancer Society2015 Available from: http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/country-data/malawi/Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• HuTWLeeAHTobacco control and tobacco farming in African CountriesJ Public Health Policy2015361415125428192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaloojeeYDagliETobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on healthBull World Health Organ200078790291010994263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoseleySThreats, bullying, lawsuits: tobacco industry’s dirty war for the African marketThe Guardian2017 Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/12/big-tobacco-dirty-war-africa-marketAccessed November 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• CrosbieESosaPGlantzSADefending strong tobacco packaging and labelling regulations in Uruguay: transnational tobacco control network versus Philip Morris InternationalTob Control201827218519428336521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WjstMBoakyeDAsthma in AfricaPLoS Med200742e7217326712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den BiggelaarAHvan ReeRRodriguesLCDecreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10Lancet200035692431723172711095260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsmailTMcSharryCBoydGExtrinsic allergic alveolitisRespirology200611326226816635083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TainioMde NazelleAJGotschiTCan air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking?Prev Med20168723323627156248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FullertonDGSempleSKalamboFBiomass fuel use and indoor air pollution in homes in MalawiOccup Environ Med2009661177778319671533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalviSBarnesPJIs exposure to biomass smoke the biggest risk factor for COPD globally?Chest201013813620605806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuGZhouYTianJRisk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: a metaanalysisChest20101381203120139228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van GemertFKirengaBChavannesNPrevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and associated risk factors in Uganda (FRESH AIR Uganda): a prospective cross-sectional observational studyLancet Glob Health201531e44e5125539969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalviSThe silent epidemic of COPD in AfricaLancet Glob Health201531e6e725539971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MsyambozaKPDzamalalaCMdokweCBurden of cancer in Malawi; common types, incidence and trends: national population-based cancer registryBMC Res Notes2012514922424105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Statistical Office of MalawiMalawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010 Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR247/FR247.pdfAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• FerlayJSoerjomataramIErvikMGLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11Lyon, FranceInternational Agency for Research on Cancer2013 Available from: http://globocan.iarc.frAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• MlombeYDzamalalaCChisiJOthieno-AbinyaNOesophageal cancer and Kaposi’s Sarcoma in Malawi: a comparative analysisMalawi Med J2009212666820345007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashanNDOesophageal cancer and alcoholic spirits in central AfricaGut19691086436505810975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MakaulaPSadalakiJRMuulaASKayuniSJemuSBlochPSchistosomiasis in Malawi: a systematic reviewParasit Vectors2014757025490938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZaghloulMSBladder cancer and schistosomiasisJ Egypt Natl Cancer Inst2012244151159
   Google Scholar
• MsyambozaKPMandaGTemboBCancer survival in Malawi: a retrospective cohort studyPan Afr Med J20141923425838862
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MsyambozaKPPhiriTSichaliWKwendaWKachaleFCervical cancer screening uptake and challenges in Malawi from 2011 to 2015: retrospective cohort studyBMC Public Health201616180627535359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerenczyACoutléeFFrancoEHankinsCHuman papillomavirus and HIV coinfection and the risk of neoplasias of the lower genital tract: a review of recent developmentsCMAJ2003169543143412952805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OremJMbiddeEKLambertBde SanjoseSWeiderpassEBurkitt’s lymphoma in Africa, a review of the epidemiology and etiologyAfr Health Sci20077316617518052871
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MutalimaNMolyneuxEJaffeHAssociations between Burkitt lymphoma among children in Malawi and infection with HIV, EBV and malaria: results from a case-control studyPLoS One200836e250518560562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den BoschCGriffinBEKazembePDziweniCKadzamiraLAre plant factors a missing link in the evolution of endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma?Br J Cancer1993686123212358260378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GroggKLMillerRFDoganAHIV infection and lymphomaJ Clin Pathol200760121365137218042692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOGlobal Report on Diabetes2016 Available from http://www.who.int/diabetes/global-report/en/Accessed May 30, 2018
   Google Scholar
• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)Data Downloads: Blood Pressure Available from: http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads-blood-pressure.htmlAccessed June 14, 2018
   Google Scholar
• International Diabetes FederationIDF Diabetes Atlas8th editionBrussels, BelgiumInternational Diabetes Federation2017 Available from http://www.diabetesatlas.orgAccessed May 30, 2018
   Google Scholar
• MbanyaJCRamiayaKDiabetes mellitusJamisonDTFeachemRGMakgobaMWDisease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa2nd edWashington, DCThe International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank2006 Chapter 19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2291/Accessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• MbanyaJCMotalaAASobngwiEAssahFKEnoruSTDiabetes in sub-Saharan AfricaLancet201037597332254226620609971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MbanyaJCAssahFKSajiJAtangaENObesity and type 2 diabetes in Sub-Sahara AfricaCurr Diab Rep201414750124800746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrankLKHeraclidesADanquahIBedu-AddoGMockenhauptFPSchulzeMBMeasures of general and central obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Ghanaian populationTrop Med Int Health201318214115123190041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaillardTConsequences of abdominal adiposity within the metabolic syndrome paradigm in black people of African ancestryJ Clin Med20143389791226237484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GowshallMA Registry-Based Approach to Diabetes Risk Scores in Malawi [dissertation]LondonImperial College London2016
   Google Scholar
• OkosunISLiaoYRotimiCNPrewittTECooperRSAbdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic AmericansAnn Epidemiol200010526327010942873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JasperUSDiabetes and exercise in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and way forwardInt J Diabetes Metabol20145413
   Google Scholar
• SobngwiEMbanyaJCUnwinNCPhysical activity and its relationship with obesity, hypertension and diabetes in urban and rural CameroonInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord20022671009101612080456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ColbergSRSigalRJFernhallBAmerican College of Sports MedicineAmerican Diabetes AssociationExercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statementDiabetes Care20103312e147e16721115758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardisson KoratAVWillettWCHuFBDiet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a review from the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-up StudyCurr Nutr Rep20143434535425599007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MlothaVMwangwelaAMKasapilaWSiyameEWMasambaKGlycemic responses to maize flour stiff porridges prepared using local recipes in MalawiFood Sci Nutr20154232232827004122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinghGMMichaRKhatibzadehSGlobal Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE)Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Milk: a systematic assessment of beverage intake in 187 countriesPLoS One2015108e012484526244332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KalimbiraAGondweEConsumption of sweetened beverages among school-going children in a densely populated township in Lilongwe, MalawiMalawi Med J2015272555926405513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalikVSPopkinBMBrayGADespresJPWillettWCHuFBSugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisDiabetes Care201033112477248320693348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MsyambozaKPKathyolaDDzowelaTBowieCThe burden of hypertension and its risk factors in Malawi: nationwide population-based STEPS surveyInt Health20124424625224029670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarterBLErnstMEThiazide-induced hyperglycemia: can it be prevented?Am J Hypertens200922547319387432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IslamFMWuJJanssonJWilsonDPRelative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysisHIV Med201213845346822413967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarriesADKumarAMSatyanarayanaSAddressing diabetes mellitus as part of the strategy for ending TBTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2016110317317926884497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DooleyKEChaissonRETuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemicsLancet Infect Dis200991273774619926034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManyemaMVeermanJLCholaLTugendhaftALabadariosDHofmanKDecreasing the burden of type 2 diabetes in South Africa: the impact of taxing sugar-sweetened beveragesPLoS One20151011e014305026575644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawi Ministry of HealthHealth Education Services: What We Do Available from: http://www.healthpromotion.gov.mw/index.php/what-we-doAccessed April 1, 2017
   Google Scholar
• CrawfordJLarsen-CooperEJezmanZCunninghamSCBancroftESMS versus voice messaging to deliver MNCH communication in rural Malawi: assessment of delivery success and user experienceGlob Health Sci Pract201421354625276561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar