275
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Endocrinology

Navigating Thyroid Dysfunction and Comorbidities Among University Students in Abbottabad, Pakistan – A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Screening Tool for Thyroid Dysfunction

ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 4193-4205 | Received 15 May 2023, Accepted 07 Sep 2023, Published online: 15 Sep 2023

References

  • Standing Committee on Screening. Population-Based Screening Framework Updated August; 2018.
  • To Screen or Not to Screen? - The Benefits and Harms of Screening Tests’. NIH News in Health. National Institutes of Health; 2017. Available from: https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2017/03/screen-or-not-screen. Accessed August 21, 2023.
  • Vanderpump MP. The thyroid and its diseases: a comprehensive guide for the clinician. In: Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:75–85.
  • Alqahtani SAM. Prevalence and Characteristics of Thyroid Abnormalities and Its Association with Anemia in ASIR Region of Saudi Arabia: a Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pract. 2021;11(3):494–504. doi:10.3390/clinpract11030065.
  • Sohail R, Yasmin H, Tasneem N, et al. The Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism During Early Pregnancy in Pakistan: a Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20316. doi:10.7759/cureus.20316.
  • Hu X, Chen Y, Shen Y, Tian R, Sheng Y, Que H. Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1020709. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020709
  • American Thyroid Association. General Information/Press Room; 2017.
  • Syed W, Samarkandi OA, Alsadoun A, Harbi MK, Al-Rawi MB. Evaluation of clinical knowledge and perceptions about the development of thyroid cancer—an observational study of healthcare undergraduates in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health. 2022;15(10):912424. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.912424
  • Liu F, Zhang X. Hypertension and obesity: risk factors for thyroid disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:939367. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.939367
  • Are you at risk for thyroid disease? Available from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/evaluating-your-thyroid-disease-risk.aspx.. Accessed August 21, 2023.
  • Demircioglu ZG, Demircioglu MK, Aygun N, et al. Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone level and aggressive pathological features of papillary thyroid cancer. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2022;56(1):126–131. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2022.14554.
  • Su A, Zhao W, Wu W, et al. The association of preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone level and the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2020;220(3):634–641. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.009
  • Yeza EN, Mir CN, Ares RM, Pedrozo WR, Bonneau GA. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with the lipid profile in patients at the Hospital of Encarnación. Rev cienc tecnol. 2021;36(1):70–77.
  • Pirahanchi Y, Toro F, Jialal I. Physiology, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: 2023.
  • Javed R. Incidence of thyroid diseases in local population. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2023;17(1):17. doi:10.53350/pjmhs202317117
  • De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016;388(10047):906–918. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00278-6.
  • Khan M, Jose A, Sharma S. Physiology Parathyroid Hormone. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.; 2023.
  • Rizzo LFL, Mana DL, Serra HA. Drug-induced hypothyroidism. Medicina. 2017;77(5):394–404.
  • Billewicz WZ, Chapman RS, Crooks J, et al. Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Q J Med. 1969;38(150):255–266.
  • InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. How does the thyroid gland work?; 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279388/. Accessed September 11, 2023.
  • Mayo clinic. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284. Accessed August 21 2023.
  • Yuan S, Kar S, Vithayathil M, et al. Causal associations of thyroid function and dysfunction with overall, breast and thyroid cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cancer. 2020;147(7):1895–1903. doi:10.1002/ijc.32988.
  • Wang Z, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Fu R, Wang Y, Zhang Q. The associations between thyroid-related hormones and the risk of thyroid cancer: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:992566. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.992566.
  • Song YS, Kim KS, Kim SK, Cho YW, Choi HG. Screening leads to overestimated associations of thyroid dysfunction and thyroiditis with thyroid cancer risk. Cancers. 2021;13(21):5385. doi:10.3390/cancers13215385
  • Gómez-Izquierdo J, Filion KB, Boivin JF, Azoulay L, Pollak M, Yu OHY. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of cancer incidence and cancer mortality: a systematic review. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(1):83. doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00566-9.
  • Shim SR, Kitahara CM, Cha ES, Kim SJ, Bang YJ, Lee WJ. Cancer risk after radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2125072. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25072
  • Evron JM, Esfandiari NH, Papaleontiou M. Cancer incidence and mortality following treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27(5):323–328. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000561.
  • Mohammed RA, Baqais OA, Basalib SG, et al. Hypothyroidism among college students and its association with academic performance: a cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2023;15:7.
  • Bafaraj S, Awad I, Jastaniah S, Abbas H, Musa A. Screening for thyroid diseases among students of applied medical sciences at King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2018;39(3):311–314. doi:10.15537/smj.2018.3.22137.
  • Velayutham K, Selvan SS, Unnikrishnan AG. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among young females in a South Indian population. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(6):781–784. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.167546.
  • Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315–389. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0457
  • Alhazmi RA, Alobaid AM, Althunayyan SM, Syed W, Al-Rawi MBA. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, awareness of risk factors, and perceptions of thyroid disease (TD) among adults living in Saudi Arabia - A community based study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1041745. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1041745.
  • Berta E, Lengyel I, Halmi S, et al. Hypertension in thyroid disorders. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:482. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00482.
  • Mavromati M, Jornayvaz FR. Hypothyroidism-Associated Dyslipidemia: potential Molecular Mechanisms Leading to NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23):12797. doi:10.3390/ijms222312797.
  • Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Robertson RP. Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(3):789–824. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00163.
  • Scully T, Ettela A, LeRoith D, Gallagher EJ. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer risk. Front Oncol. 2021;10:615375. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.615375.
  • Elbadawy AM, Mansour AE, Abdelrassoul IA, Abdelmoneim RO Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and dementia. Egypt J Intern Med 2020;32:1–9. doi:10.1186/s43162-020-00003-2