Serum IL-38 Level Was Associated with Incidence of MACE in the STEMI Patients

References

• Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(14):1289–1367. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulluck H, Paradies V, Barbato E, et al. Prognostically relevant periprocedural myocardial injury and infarction associated with percutaneous coronary interventions: a Consensus Document of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(27):2630–2642. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao S, Xue T, Pan Q, et al. MicroRNA-146a serves as a biomarker for adverse prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2021;2021:2923441. doi:10.1155/2021/2923441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shon HS, Bae JW, Kim KO, Cha EJ, Kim KA. Biomarker for the prediction of major adverse cardiac events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(4):237–246. doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.4.02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolf D, Ley K. Immunity and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2019;124(2):315–327. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soehnlein O, Libby P. Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(8):589–610. doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Li W, Li X, Zhou H. Inflammation: a novel therapeutic target/direction in atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(8):1216–1227. doi:10.2174/1381612822666161230142931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou X, Lin J, Xie C, Wang Y, Sun C. Plasma IL-37 elevated in patients with chronic heart failure and predicted major adverse cardiac events: a 1-year follow-up study. Dis Markers. 2017;2017:9134079. doi:10.1155/2017/9134079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristono GA, Holley AS, Hally KE, et al. An IL-6-IL-8 score derived from principal component analysis is predictive of adverse outcome in acute myocardial infarction. Cytokine: X. 2020;2(4):100037. doi:10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anroedh SS, Akkerhuis KM, Oemrawsingh RM, et al. Associations of 26 circulating inflammatory and renal biomarkers with near-infrared spectroscopy and long-term cardiovascular outcome in patients undergoing coronary angiography (ATHEROREMO-NIRS substudy). Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20(10):52. doi:10.1007/s11883-018-0752-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo X, Zhao C, Wang S, Jia H, Yu B. TNF-α is a novel biomarker for predicting plaque rupture in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1889–1898. doi:10.2147/JIR.S352509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvain J, Kerneis M, Zeitouni M, et al. Interleukin-1β and risk of premature death in patients with myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(15):1763–1773. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furtado MV, Rossini AP, Campani RB, et al. Interleukin-18: an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after 6 months of follow-up. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20(5):327–331. doi:10.1097/MCA.0b013e32832e5c73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Prabhu SD, Bansal SS. CD4(+) T-lymphocytes exhibit biphasic kinetics post-myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:992653. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.992653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar V, Rosenzweig R, Asalla S, Nehra S, Prabhu SD, Bansal SS. TNFR1 contributes to activation-induced cell death of pathological CD4(+) T lymphocytes during ischemic heart failure. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022;7(10):1038–1049. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.05.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Xu M, Chen T, Zhou Y. Bioinformatics analysis of common differential genes of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: screening for potential pharmacological compounds. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(10). doi:10.3390/jcdd9100353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo N, Zhang N, Yan L, et al. Weighted gene co‑expression network analysis in identification of key genes and networks for ischemic‑reperfusion remodeling myocardium. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(2):1955–1962. doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Zhang Y, Yu M, Yuan W. Identification of hub genes in the remodeling of non-infarcted myocardium following acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(12):409. doi:10.3390/jcdd9120409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acet H, Güzel T, Aslan B, Isik MA, Ertas F, Catalkaya S. Predictive value of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Angiology. 2021;72(3):244–251. doi:10.1177/0003319720963697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao S, Hu R, Hambly BD. IL-34, IL-36 and IL-38 in colorectal cancer-key immunoregulators of carcinogenesis. Biophys Rev. 2020;12(4):925–930. doi:10.1007/s12551-020-00726-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCurdy S, Liu CA, Yap J, Boisvert WA. Potential role of IL-37 in atherosclerosis. Cytokine. 2019;122:154169. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law CC, Puranik R, Fan J, Fei J, Hambly BD, Bao S. Clinical implications of IL-32, IL-34 and IL-37 in atherosclerosis: speculative role in cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:630767. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.630767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy S, Baumer Y, Toulmin E, Lee BH, Boisvert WA. Macrophage-specific expression of IL-37 in hyperlipidemic mice attenuates atherosclerosis. J Immunol. 2017;199(10):3604–3613. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu R, Zhang F, Pan C, Yu K, Zhong Y, Zeng Q. Role of IL-37- and IL-37-treated dendritic cells in acute coronary syndrome. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:6454177. doi:10.1155/2021/6454177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Veerdonk FL, de Graaf DM, Joosten LA, Dinarello CA. Biology of IL-38 and its role in disease. Immunol Rev. 2018;281(1):191–196. doi:10.1111/imr.12612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutet MA, Nerviani A, Pitzalis C. IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 cytokines in skin and joint inflammation: a comprehensive review of their therapeutic potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1257. doi:10.3390/ijms20061257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han MM, Yuan XR, Shi X, et al. The pathological mechanism and potential application of IL-38 in autoimmune diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:732790. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.732790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold SV, Bhatt DL, Barsness GW, et al. Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(19):e779–e806. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heianza Y, Ma W, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Qi L. Gut microbiota metabolites and risk of major adverse cardiovascular disease events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(7). doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kranenburg M, Magro M, Thiele H, et al. Prognostic value of microvascular obstruction and infarct size, as measured by CMR in STEMI patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(9):930–939. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardu C, Consiglia Trotta M, Santella B, et al. Microbiota thrombus colonization may influence athero-thrombosis in hyperglycemic patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Marianella study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;173:108670. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Yan KT, Wang JX, et al. Gut microbial taxa as potential predictive biomarkers for acute coronary syndrome and post-STEMI cardiovascular events. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2639. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59235-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Hu S, Luo X, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of DNMT3A- and TET2- clonal haematopoiesis-driver mutations in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine. 2022;78:103964. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geovanini GR, Libby P. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: overview and updates. Clin Sci. 2018;132(12):1243–1252. doi:10.1042/CS20180306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(7):389–406. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Thuren T, Everett BM, Libby P, Glynn RJ. Effect of interleukin-1β inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10105):1833–1842. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32247-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Devalaraja M, Baeres FMM, et al. IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10289):2060–2069. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00520-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez GJ, Celermajer DS, Patel S. The NLRP3 inflammasome and the emerging role of colchicine to inhibit atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 2018;269:262–271. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Ling XY, Chen DL, Zhang XQ, Qiu CM. Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist attenuates atherosclerosis development by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(12):9992–9996. doi:10.1002/jcp.29813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee P, Chattopadhyay A, Grijalva V, et al. Oxidized phospholipids cause changes in jejunum mucus that induce dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. J Lipid Res. 2022;63(1):100153. doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang N, Song Y, Dong B, et al. Elevated interleukin-38 level associates with clinical response to atorvastatin in patients with hyperlipidemia. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;49(2):653–661. doi:10.1159/000493029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Graaf DM, Jaeger M, van den Munckhof ICL, et al. Reduced concentrations of the B cell cytokine interleukin 38 are associated with cardiovascular disease risk in overweight subjects. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(3):662–671. doi:10.1002/eji.201948390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janjani P, Motevaseli S, Salehi N, Heidari Moghadam R, Siabani S, Nalini M. Predictors of 1-year major cardiovascular events after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a specialized cardiovascular center in Western Iran. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2022;17(2):62–70. doi:10.18502/jthc.v17i2.9839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duchnowski P. N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide predicts postoperative cardiogenic shock requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo X, Weng X, Bao X, et al. A novel anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of quercetin: competitive binding to KEAP1 via Arg483 to inhibit macrophage pyroptosis. Redox Biol. 2022;57:102511. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2022.102511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo X, Lv Y, Bai X, et al. Plaque erosion: a distinctive pathological mechanism of acute coronary syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:711453. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.711453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Tong GX, Zhang XW, et al. Interleukin-18 levels on admission are associated with mid-term adverse clinical events in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Int Heart J. 2010;51(2):75–81. doi:10.1536/ihj.51.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohebi R, McCarthy CP, Gaggin HK, van Kimmenade RRJ, Januzzi JL. Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am Heart J. 2022;252:51–59. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2022.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(10):612–632. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0277-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutet MA, Najm A, Bart G, et al. IL-38 overexpression induces anti-inflammatory effects in mice arthritis models and in human macrophages in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(7):1304–1312. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Y, Chen M, Chen Q, et al. Neutralization of interleukin-38 exacerbates coxsackievirus B3-induced acute myocarditis in mice. Virol J. 2021;18(1):220. doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01687-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Lan Y, Zhong Y, et al. Interleukin-38 alleviates cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(1):371–384. doi:10.1111/jcmm.14741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar