Effect of Pre-Antibiotic Use Before First Stroke Incidence on Recurrence and Mortality: A Longitudinal Study Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Database

References

• Kamada N, Seo SU, Chen GY, Nunez G. Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(5):321–335. doi:10.1038/nri3430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss GA, Hennet T. Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(16):2959–2977. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2509-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid MU, Zaura E, Buijs MJ, et al. Determining the long-term effect of antibiotic administration on the human normal intestinal microbiota using culture and pyrosequencing methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(Suppl 2):S77–84. doi:10.1093/cid/civ137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(5):1137–1150. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26:26191. doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutsch A, Kantsjo JB, Ronchi F. The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology. Front Immunol. 2020;11:604179. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu W, Kong X, Wang H, Li Y, Luo Y. Ischemic stroke and intestinal flora: an insight into brain-gut axis. Eur J Med Res. 2022;27(1):73. doi:10.1186/s40001-022-00691-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Liu S, Yan J, Zhu X. The impact of gut microbiota on post-stroke management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:724376. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.724376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Zhang X, Huang Y, et al. Atorvastatin alleviates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via modulating the microbial composition and the intestinal barrier function in ischemic stroke mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;162:104–117. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, Meisel A, Buckwalter MS. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020;51(10):3156–3168. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agirman G, Yu KB, Hsiao EY. Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis. Science. 2021;374(6571):1087–1092. doi:10.1126/science.abi6087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Bander Z, Nitert MD, Mousa A, Naderpoor N. The gut microbiota and inflammation: an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7618. doi:10.3390/ijerph17207618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilck N, Matus MG, Kearney SM, et al. Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates T(H)17 axis and disease. Nature. 2017;551(7682):585–589. doi:10.1038/nature24628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaar BJH, Prodan A, Nieuwdorp M, Muller M. Gut microbiota in hypertension and atherosclerosis: a review. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2982. doi:10.3390/nu12102982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vourakis M, Mayer G, Rousseau G. The role of gut microbiota on cholesterol metabolism in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):8074. doi:10.3390/ijms22158074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Perez O, Cruz-Ramon V, Chinchilla-Lopez P, Mendez-Sanchez N. The role of the gut microbiota in bile acid metabolism. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16(Suppl. 1: s3–105.):s15–s20. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.5672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park D, Kim MC, Hong D, Jeong YS, Kim HS, Kim JH. Recurrence and mortality risks in patients with first incident acute stroke or myocardial infarction: a longitudinal study using the Korean national health insurance service database. J Clin Med. 2023;12(2):568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokotailo RA, Hill MD. Coding of stroke and stroke risk factors using international classification of diseases, revisions 9 and 10. Stroke. 2005;36(8):1776–1781. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000174293.17959.a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park D, Lee SY, Jeong E, et al. The effects of socioeconomic and geographic factors on chronic phase long-term survival after stroke in South Korea. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4327. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08025-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sennfalt S, Pihlsgard M, Petersson J, Norrving B, Ullberg T. Long-term outcome after ischemic stroke in relation to comorbidity - an observational study from the Swedish stroke register (Riksstroke). Eur Stroke J. 2020;5(1):36–46. doi:10.1177/2396987319883154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong YS, Tsai CF, Ong CT. Risk factors for stroke recurrence in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):17151. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22090-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khanevski AN, Bjerkreim AT, Novotny V, et al. Recurrent ischemic stroke: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;140(1):3–8. doi:10.1111/ane.13093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 2012;94(446):496–509. doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474144
   Google Scholar
• Benakis C, Poon C, Lane D, et al. Distinct commensal bacterial signature in the gut is associated with acute and long-term protection from ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2020;51(6):1844–1854. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluta R, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. The role of gut microbiota in an ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):915. doi:10.3390/ijms22020915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V, Roth S, Llovera G, et al. Microbiota dysbiosis controls the neuroinflammatory response after stroke. J Neurosci. 2016;36(28):7428–7440. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1114-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winek K, Engel O, Koduah P, et al. Depletion of cultivatable gut microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotic pretreatment worsens outcome after murine stroke. Stroke. 2016;47(5):1354–1363. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu K, Gao X, Xia G, et al. Rapid gut dysbiosis induced by stroke exacerbates brain infarction in turn. Gut. 2021;70(8):1486–1494. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia GH, You C, Gao XX, et al. Stroke dysbiosis index (SDI) in gut microbiome are associated with brain injury and prognosis of stroke. Front Neurol. 2019;10:397. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghikia A, Li XS, Liman TG, et al. Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide predicts risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stroke and is related to proinflammatory monocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38(9):2225–2235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peh A, Ja O, Broughton BRS, Marques FZ. Gut microbiota and their metabolites in stroke: a double-edged sword. Stroke. 2022;53(5):1788–1801. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Wang Y, Shi J, et al. Excessive antibiotics use increased in-hospital mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage patients with stroke-associated infection. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1950. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58772-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chidambaram SB, Rathipriya AG, Mahalakshmi AM, et al. The influence of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis and management of ischemic stroke. Cells. 2022;11(7):1239. doi:10.3390/cells11071239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Stein CM. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1881–1890. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu ZK, Yuan J, Li M, et al. Cardiac risks associated with antibiotics: azithromycin and levofloxacin. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(2):295–303. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.989210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Heal C, Vail A, et al. Antibiotic class and outcome in post-stroke infections: an individual participant data pooled analysis of vista-acute. Front Neurol. 2019;10:504. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar