Nanoscale 3D Bioprinting for Osseous Tissue Manufacturing

References

• Chau DHS. Wood block printing, an essential medium of culture inheritance in Chinese history. J Hong Kong Branch R Asiat Soc. 1978;18:175–189.
   Google Scholar
• van Delft M. Print culture and peripheries in early Modern Europe. A contribution to the history of printing and the book trade in small European and Spanish cities, written by Benito Rial Costas. Quaerendo. 2015;45(1–2):174–177. doi:10.1163/15700690-12341318
   Google Scholar
• Hogenkamp B. A social history of the media. From Gutenberg to the internet. By B riggs, A sa and P eter B urke. Polity, Cambridge 2002. ix, 374 pp. Ill. 55.00 (Paper: 15.99.). Int Rev Soc His. 2004;49:143–145. doi:10.1017/S0020859004011435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg D. The history of 3D Printing. Prod Des Dev. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• International Conference on Biomedical, E. The 15th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering: ICBME 2013, 4th to 7th December 2013, Singapore. Goh, J. C. H., Ed Cham: Springer; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hull CW. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. 1986 US Pat 4575330.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy SV, Atala A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(8):773–785. doi:10.1038/nbt.295825093879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M, Iwanaga S, Henmi C, Arai K, Nishiyama Y. Biomatrices and biomaterials for future developments of bioprinting and biofabrication. Biofabrication. 2010;2(1):014110. doi:10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/01411020811125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 3D bio-printing market worth $1.82 bn By 2022. BioSpectrum Asia. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP. Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;40(5):363. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.1023339648
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li X, Wang L, Fan Y, Feng Q, Cui F, Watari F. Nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Hoboken. 2013;101:2424–2435.
   Google Scholar
• Polo-Corrales L, Latorre-Esteves M, Ramirez-Vick J. Scaffold design for bone regeneration. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14:15–56. doi:10.1166/jnn.2014.912724730250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today. 2013;16(12):496–504. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai G, Lee V. Three-dimensional bioprinting and tissue fabrication: prospects for drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Adv Health Care Technol. 2015;23. doi:10.2147/AHCT
   Google Scholar
• Tarafder S, Balla VK, Davies NM, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S. Microwave-sintered 3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2013;7(8):631–641. doi:10.1002/term.v7.822396130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detsch R, Schaefer S, Deisinger U, Ziegler G, Seitz H, Leukers B. In vitro: osteoclastic activity studies on surfaces of 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds. J Biomater Appl. 2011;26(3):359. doi:10.1177/088532821037328520659962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi G, Sun L, Alsbaiee A, et al. Functionalized Rosette nanotubes as a bone regenerative and anti-microbial agent. Tissue Eng Part A. 2015;21:S306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollister SJ. Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nat Mater. 2005;4(7):518. doi:10.1038/nmat142116003400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keriquel V, Guillemot F, Arnault I, et al. in vivo bioprinting for computer- and robotic-assisted medical intervention: preliminary study in mice. Biofabrication. 2010;2(1):014101. doi:10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/01410120811116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes B, Bulusu K, Plesniak M, Zhang LG. Asynergistic approach to the design, fabrication and evaluation of 3d printed micro and nano featured scaffolds for vascularized bone tissue repair. Nanotechnology. 2016;27(6):064001. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/06400126758780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Liang W. A novel comby scaffold with improved mechanical strength for bone tissue engineering. Mater Lett. 2017;194:220–223. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2017.02.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer B, Bernhardt A, Heinemann S, Stachel I, Meyer M, Gelinsky M. Biomimetically mineralized salmon collagen scaffolds for application in bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules. 2012;13(4):1059. doi:10.1021/bm201776r22364350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar M, Meenakshisundaram N, Rajendran V. Development of nanocomposites based on hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate: synthesis and characterisation. Mater Charact. 2011;62(5):469–479. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2011.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandi M, Mirzadeh H, Mayer C, et al. Biocompatibility evaluation of nano‐rod hydroxyapatite/gelatin coated with nano‐HAp as a novel scaffold using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2010;92(4):1244–1255. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo Y, Li Y, Qin X, Wa Q. 3D printing of concentrated alginate/gelatin scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coating for bone tissue engineering. Mater Des. 2018;146:12–19. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Favi P, Cheng X, et al. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) surface nanomodified 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2016;46:256–265. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.03027667017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malda J, Visser J, Melchels FP, et al. 25th Anniversary article: engineering hydrogels for biofabrication. Adv Mater. 2013;25(36):5011–5028. doi:10.1002/adma.20130204224038336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Kuboyama N. A biodegradable porous composite scaffold of PGA/ОІ-TCP for bone tissue engineering. Bone. 2010;46(2):386–395. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucharska M, Butruk B, Walenko K, Brynk T, Ciach T. Fabrication of in-situ foamed chitosan/ОІ-TCP scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application. Mater Lett. 2012;85(C):124–127. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.07.002
   Google Scholar
• Mikos AG, Lyman MD, Freed LE, Langer R. Wetting of poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams for tissue culture. Biomaterials. 1994;15(1):55–58. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90197-X8161659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana N, Wang M. Fabrication of HA/PHBV composite scaffolds through the emulsion freezing/freeze-drying process and characterisation of the scaffolds. J Eur Soc Biomater. 2008;19(7):2555–2561.
   Google Scholar
• Sun K, Li R, Jiang W, Sun Y, Li H. Comparison of three-dimensional printing and vacuum freeze-dried techniques for fabricating composite scaffolds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;477(4):1085–1091. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.05027404126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo H, Ponticiello MS, Leong KW. Fabrication of controlled release biodegradable foams by phase separation. Tissue Eng. 1995;1(1):15. doi:10.1089/ten.1995.1.1519877912
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam YS, Park TG. Porous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds prepared by thermally induced phase separation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;47(1):8–17. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-463610400875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schugens C, Maquet V, Grandfils C, Jerome R, Teyssie P. Polylactide macroporous biodegradable implants for cell transplantation. II. Preparation of polylactide foams by liquid-liquid phase separation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1996;30(4):449. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-46368847353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Ma PX. Poly(alpha-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;44(4):446. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990315)44:4<446::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-F10397949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed O, Masood S, Bhowmik J. Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects. Adv Manuf. 2015;3(1):42–53. doi:10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anitha R, Arunachalam S, Radhakrishnan P. Critical parameters influencing the quality of prototypes in fused deposition modelling. J Mater Process Tech. 2001;118(1):385–388. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00980-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath D, Noorani R, Mendelson M. Improvement of surface roughness on ABS 400 polymer using Design of Experiments (DOE). Mater Sci Forum. 2007;561–565:2389–2392. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565
   Google Scholar
• Aston DE, Bow JR, Gangadean DN. Mechanical properties of selected nanostructured materials and complex bio-nano, hybrid and hierarchical systems. Int Mater Rev. 2013;58(3):167–202. doi:10.1179/1743280412Y.0000000012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zein I, Hutmacher DW, Tan KC, Teoh SH. Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2002;23(4):1169–1185. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00232-011791921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW. A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31(24):6121–6130. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.05020478613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thavornyutikarn B, Chantarapanich N, Sitthiseripratip K, Thouas GA, Chen Q. Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques. Prog Biomater. 2014;3:61. doi:10.1007/s40204-014-0026-726798575
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qiu Y, Zhang N, Kang Q, An Y, Wen X. Chemically modified light‐curable chitosans with enhanced potential for bone tissue repair. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2009;89(3):772–779. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuster M, Turecek C, Weigel G, et al. Gelatin‐based photopolymers for bone replacement materials. J Polym Sci Part a Polym Chem. 2009;47(24):7078–7089. doi:10.1002/pola.23747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog D, Seyda V, Wycisk E, Emmelmann C. Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater. 2016;117:371–392. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr L, Gaytan SM, Ramirez D, et al. Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies. J Mater Sci Technol. 2012;28:1–14. doi:10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank M, Edwin M, Krista A, Lawrence M, Shujun L, Yuxing T. Open-cellular Co-base and Ni-Base superalloys fabricated by electron beam melting. Materials. 2011;4(4):782–790. doi:10.3390/ma404078228879949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wysocki B, Maj P, Krawczyńska A, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation of CP titanium processed by selective laser melting (SLM). J Mater Process Tech. 2017;241:13–23. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.10.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrysson OLA, Cansizoglu O, Marcellin-Little DJ, Cormier DR, West HA. Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology. Mater Sci Eng C. 2008;28(3):366–373. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson J, Snis A, Engqvist H, Lausmaa J. Characterization and comparison of materials produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) of two different Ti–6Al–4V powder fractions. J Mater Process Tech. 2013;213(12):2109–2118. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy J, Starly B, Raman S, Christensen A. Mechanical evaluation of porous titanium (Ti6Al4V) structures with electron beam melting (EBM). J Mech Behav Biomed. 2010;3(3):249–259. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munaz A, Vadivelu RK, St. John J, Barton M, Kamble H, Nguyen N-T. Three-dimensional printing of biological matters. J Sci Adv Mater Devices. 2016;1(1):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Xu T, Kincaid H, Atala A, Yoo JJ. High-throughput production of single-cell microparticles using an inkjet printing technology. J Manuf Sci E-T Asme. 2008;130(2). doi:10.1115/1.2903064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisey DB. Materials Processing: the power of direct writing. Science. 2000;289(5481):879–881. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.87917839154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colina M, Serra P, Fernandez-Pradas JM, Sevilla L, Morenza JL. DNA deposition through laser induced forward transfer. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005;20(8):1638–1642. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.04715626620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringeisen B, Kim H, Barron J, et al. Laser printing of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells. Tissue Eng. 2004;10(3–4):483–491. doi:10.1089/10763270432306184315165465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckwalter JA, Glimcher MJ, Cooper RR, Recker R. Bone biology. I: structure, blood supply, cells, matrix, and mineralization. Instr Course Lect. 1996;45:371.8727757
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downey PA, Siegel MI. Bone biology and the clinical implications for osteoporosis. (Perspective). Phys Ther. 2006;86(1):77. doi:10.1093/ptj/86.1.7716386064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florencio-Silva R, Sasso G, Sasso-Cerri E, Simoes M, Cerri PS. Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–17. doi:10.1155/2015/421746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing. Chem Rev. 2017;117(15):10212. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b0007428756658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J-U, Cho JH, Yoo MJ. Selective metallization on copper aluminate composite via laser direct structuring technology. Composites Part B. 2017;110:361–367. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra T, Planell JA, Navarro M. High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology. Acta Biomater. 2013;9(3):5521–5530. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.04123142224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyednejad H, Gawlitta D, Kuiper RV, et al. InВ vivo biocompatibility and biodegradation of 3D-printed porous scaffolds based on a hydroxyl-functionalized poly(Оµ-caprolactone). Biomaterials. 2012;33(17):4309–4318. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalita SJ, Bose S, Hosick HL, Bandyopadhyay A. Development of controlled porosity polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds via fused deposition modeling. Mater Sci Eng C. 2003;23(5):611–620. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(03)00052-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C. Three‐dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;74(2):782–788. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnke PH, Seitz H, Warnke F, et al. Ceramic scaffolds produced by computer‐assisted 3D printing and sintering: characterization and biocompatibility investigations. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;93(1):212–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suwanprateeb J, Sanngam R, Suvannapruk W, Panyathanmaporn T. Mechanical and in vitro performance of apatite–wollastonite glass ceramic reinforced hydroxyapatite composite fabricated by 3D-printing. J Eur Soc Biomater. 2009;20(6):1281–1289.
   Google Scholar
• Balçik C, Tokdemir T, Şenköylü A, et al. Early weight bearing of porous HA/TCP (60/40) ceramics in vivo: a longitudinal study in a segmental bone defect model of rabbit. Acta Biomater. 2007;3(6):985–996. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2007.04.00417574942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramay HRR, Zhang M. Biphasic calcium phosphate nanocomposite porous scaffolds for load-bearing bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2004;25(21):5171–5180. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.02315109841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah KHW, Thampuran R, Teoh SH. The influence of pore morphology on corrosion. Corros Sci. 1998;40(4):547–556. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00152-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilescu E, Drob P, Vasilescu C, et al. Corrosion resistance of the new Ti‐25Ta‐25Nb alloy in severe functional conditions. Mater Corros. 2010;61(11):947–954. doi:10.1002/maco.201005740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh I, Nomura N, Hanada S. Microstructures and mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering. Mater Trans. 2002;43(3):443–446. doi:10.2320/matertrans.43.443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen CE, Mabuchi M, Yamada Y, Shimojima K, Chino Y, Asahina T. Processing of biocompatible porous Ti and Mg. Scr Mater. 2001;45(10):1147–1153. doi:10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01132-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh I-H, Nomura N, Masahashi N, Hanada S. Mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering. Scr Mater. 2003;49(12):1197–1202. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy SV, Skardal A, Atala A. Evaluation of hydrogels for bio-printing applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2013;101(1):272–284. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalyfa A, Vogt S, Weisser J, et al. Development of a new calcium phosphate powder-binder system for the 3D printing of patient specific implants. J Eur Soc Biomater. 2007;18(5):909–916.
   Google Scholar
• Williams DF. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials. 2008;29(20):2941–2953. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.02318440630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MM, George J. Exploring and engineering the cell surface interface. Science. 2005;310:1135–1138. doi:10.1126/science.110658716293749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouwkema J, Rivron NC, van Blitterswijk CA. Vascularization in tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 2008;26(8):434–441. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.04.00918585808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CM, Haugh MG, Brien FJ. The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31(3):461–466. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramfeldt H, Sabra G, Centis V, Vermette P. Scaffold vascularization: a challenge for three-dimensional tissue engineering. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17:3944–3967. doi:10.2174/09298671079320532720939827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR. Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2006;27(18):3413–3431. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.03916504284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Xu L, Li X, Egger J. Computer-aided implant design for the restoration of cranial defects. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4199. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04454-628646207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim BJ, Hong KS, Park KJ, Park DH, Chung YG, Kang SH. Customized cranioplasty implants using three-dimensional printers and polymethyl-methacrylate casting. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2012;52(6):541–546. doi:10.3340/jkns.2012.52.6.54123346326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Yang M, Zhu Y, Wang L, Tomsia AP, Mao C. Phage nanofibers induce vascularized osteogenesis in 3D printed bone scaffolds. Adv Mater. 2014;26(29):4961–4966. doi:10.1002/adma.20140015424711251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Coppi P, Bartsch G Jr., Siddiqui MM, et al. Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25(1):100–106. doi:10.1038/nbt127417206138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu T, Binder KW, Albanna MZ, et al. Hybrid printing of mechanically and biologically improved constructs for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biofabrication. 2013;5(1):015001. doi:10.1088/1758-5082/5/1/01500123172542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK, Kengla C, Yoo JJ, Atala A. A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34(3):312–319. doi:10.1038/nbt.341326878319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsigkou O, Pomerantseva I, Spencer JA, et al. Engineered vascularized bone grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(8):3311–3316. doi:10.1073/pnas.090544510720133604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenberg S, Rouwkema J, Macdonald M, et al. Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23(7):879–884. doi:10.1038/nbt110915965465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trombetta R, Inzana J, Schwarz E, Kates S, Awad H. 3D printing of calcium phosphate ceramics for bone tissue engineering and drug delivery. J Biomed Eng Soc. 2017;45(1):23–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Gong JP, Osada Y. Novel hydrogels with excellent mechanical performance. Prog Polym Sci. 2005;30(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillippi JA, Miller E, Weiss L, Huard J, Waggoner A, Campbell P. Microenvironments engineered by inkjet bioprinting spatially direct adult stem cells toward muscle- and bone-like subpopulations. Stem Cells. 2008;26(1):127–134. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-052017901398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires D, Hedrick JL, De Silva A, et al. Nanoscale three-dimensional patterning of molecular resists by scanning probes. Science. 2010;328(5979):732. doi:10.1126/science.118785120413457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y-B, Polio S, Lee W, et al. Bio-printing of collagen and VEGF-releasing fibrin gel scaffolds for neural stem cell culture. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(2):645–652. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.02.01420211178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar