Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites As Bone Implants: Nanostructure, Mechanical Strength And Biocompatibility

References

• Kini U, Nandeesh BN. Physiology of bone formation, remodeling, and metabolism. In: Fogelman I, Gnanasegaran G, van der Wall H (eds) Radionuclide Hybrid Bone Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012;29–57.
   Google Scholar
• Poinern GEJ, Brundavanam RK, Fawcett D. Nanometre scale hydroxyapatite ceramics for bone tissue engineering. Am J Biomed Eng. 2013;3(6):148–168.
   Google Scholar
• Woodard JR, Hilldore AJ, Lan SK, et al. The mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds with multi-scale porosity. Biomaterials. 2007;28(1):45–54. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.02116963118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šupová M. Problem of hydroxyapatite dispersion in polymer matrices: a review. J Mat Sci. 2009;20(6):1201–1213. doi:10.1007/s10856-009-3696-2
   Google Scholar
• Murugan R, Ramakrishna S. Development of nanocomposites for bone grafting. Compos Sci Technol. 2005;65(15–16):2385–2406. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natesan K, Shah W, Le H, Tredwin C. A critical comparison on biocompatibility of different phases of sol-gel derived calcium phosphates as bone graft materials. J Biomater Tissue Eng. 2015;5(8):655–664. doi:10.1166/jbt.2015.1364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Kim K-H, Agrawal CM, Ong JL. Interaction of hydroxyapatite–titanium at elevated temperature in vacuum environment. Biomaterials. 2004;25(15):2927–2932. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.07214967524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu D-M, Yang Q, Troczynski T. Sol–gel hydroxyapatite coatings on stainless steel substrates. Biomaterials. 2002;23(3):691–698. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00157-011771689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellucci D, Sola A, Anesi A, Salvatori R, Chiarini L, Cannillo V. Bioactive glass/hydroxyapatite composites: mechanical properties and biological evaluation. Mat Sci Eng. 2015;51:196–205. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.041
   Google Scholar
• Salehi S, Fathi MH. Fabrication and characterization of sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite/zirconia composite nanopowders with various yttria contents. Ceram Int. 2010;36(5):1659–1667. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.02.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantripragada VP, Lecka‐Czernik B, Ebraheim NA, Jayasuriya AC. An overview of recent advances in designing orthopedic and craniofacial implants. J Biomed Mat Res Part A. 2013;101(11):3349–3364. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzwarth JM, Ma PX. Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2011;32(36):9622–9629. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.00921944829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D, Alk D, Sandbank J, Farber R, Halperin N. Inflammatory reactions associated with a calcium sulfate bone substitute. Ann Transplant. 1999;4(3–4):91–97.10853791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elshereksi NW, Ghazali MJ, Muchtar A, Azhari CH. Perspectives for titanium-derived fillers usage on denture base composite construction: a review article. Adv Mat Sci Eng. 2014;2014:13. doi:10.1155/2014/746252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AA, Best SM, Kinloch IA. Hydroxyapatite–carbon nanotube composites for biomedical applications: a review. Int J Appl Ceram Technol. 2007;4(1):1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02113.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eatemadi A, Daraee H, Karimkhanloo H, et al. Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2014;9(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/1556-276X-9-124380376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahiri D, Ghosh S, Agarwal A. Carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic application: a review. Mat Sci Eng C-Mater. 2012;32(7):1727–1758. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.010
   Google Scholar
• Shin US, Yoon IK, Lee GS, Jang WC, Knowles JC, Kim HW. Carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites and hybrids with hydroxyapatite for bone replacements. J Tissue Eng. 2011;2011:674287.21776341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalid P, Hussain M, Rekha P, Arun A. Carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite and their interaction with human osteoblast in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2015;34(5):548–556. doi:10.1177/096032711455088325233896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khanal SP, Mahfuz H, Rondinone AJ, Leventouri T. Improvement of the fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite by incorporation of carboxyl functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes and nylon. Mat Sci Eng. 2016;60:204–210. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.030
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesan J, Qian Z-J, Ryu B, Ashok Kumar N, Kim S-K. Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube-grafted-chitosan – natural hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83(2):569–577. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maho A, Linden S, Arnould C, Detriche S, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Tantalum oxide/carbon nanotubes composite coatings on titanium, and their functionalization with organophosphonic molecular films: a high quality scaffold for hydroxyapatite growth. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;371(1):150–158. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.06622284449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abarrategi A, Gutierrez MC, Moreno-Vicente C, et al. Multiwall carbon nanotube scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. Biomaterials. 2008;29(1):94–102. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.02117928048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanello LP, Zhao B, Hu H, Haddon RC. Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2006;6(3):562–567. doi:10.1021/nl051861e16522063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawei Z, Changqing Y, Jinchao Z, Yao C, Xinsheng Y, Mengsu Y. The effects of carbon nanotubes on the proliferation and differentiation of primary osteoblasts. Nanotechnology. 2007;18(47):475102. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/49/495102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtek T, Ki H, Anatoly P, et al. Toxicity induced enhanced extracellular matrix production in osteoblastic cells cultured on single-walled carbon nanotube networks. Nanotechnology. 2009;20(25):255101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/25/25510119487801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Constanda S, Stan MS, Ciobanu CS, Motelica-Heino M, et al. Carbon nanotubes-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for an improved osteoblast cell response. J Nanomater. 2016;2016:10. doi:10.1155/2016/3941501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firme Iii CP, Bandaru PR. Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems. Nanomed. 2010;6(2):245–256. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datsyuk V, Kalyva M, Papagelis K, et al. Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon. 2008;46(6):833–840. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natesan K, Shah W, Le H, Tredwin C. A critical comparison on biocompatibility of different phases of sol–gel derived calcium phosphates as bone graft materials. J Biomater Tissue Eng. 2015;5(8):655–664. doi:10.1166/jbt.2015.1364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug HP, Alexander LE (eds). X-ray diffraction procedures. Wiley -Inderscience, New York. 1954;2.
   Google Scholar
• Berthomieu C, Hienerwadel R. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Photosynth Res. 2009;101(2):157–170. doi:10.1007/s11120-009-9439-x19513810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Della Bona Á, Benetti P, Borba M, Cecchetti D. Flexural and diametral tensile strength of composite resins. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22(1):84–89.18425251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gitrowski C, Al-Jubory AR, Handy RD. Uptake of different crystal structures of TiO2 nanoparticles by Caco-2 intestinal cells. Toxicol Lett. 2014;226(3):264–276. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.01424576787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell HA, Handy RD, Nimmo M. Copper uptake kinetics across the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) measured using an improved isolated perfused head technique. Aquat Toxicol. 1999;46(3–4):177–190. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00003-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabokbar A, Millett PJ, Myer B, Rushton N. A rapid, quantitative assay for measuring alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells in vitro. Bone Miner. 1994;27(1):57–67.7849547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalia P, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fan JP, Warley A, Di Silvio L, Huang J. Nanohydroxyapatite shape and its potential role in bone formation: an analytical study. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11(93):20140004. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.000424478288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajkumar M, Sundaram NM, Rajendran V. In-situ preparation of hydroxyapatite nanorod embedded poly (vinyl alcohol) composite and its characterization. Int J Eng Sci Technol. 2010;2(6):2437–2444.
   Google Scholar
• Mollazadeh S, Javadpour J, Khavandi A. In situ synthesis and characterization of nano-size hydroxyapatite in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix. Ceram Int. 2007;33(8):1579–1583. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C-W, Oakes CS, Byrappa K, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and dispersion properties of hydroxyapatite prepared by mechanochemical-hydrothermal methods. J Mater Chem. 2004;14(15):2425–2432. doi:10.1039/B315095J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A, Sinnott SB. Effect of chemical functionalization on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett. 1998;295(4):273–278. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(98)00969-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokubo T, Ito S, Huang ZT, et al. Ca,P-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W. J Biomed Mater Res. 1990;24(3):331–343. doi:10.1002/jbm.8202403062156869
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanne FAX, Long GJ, Rosen JF. Lead induced rise in intracellular free calcium is mediated through activation of protein kinase C in osteoblastic bone cells. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Mol Basis Dis. 1997;1360(3):247–254. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(97)00006-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stains JP, Gay CV. Asymmetric distribution of functional sodium-calcium exchanger in primary osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(12):1862–1869. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.12.18629844104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison C, Macnair R, MacDonald C, Wykman A, Goldie I, Grant MH. In vitro biocompatibility testing of polymers for orthopaedic implants using cultured fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Biomaterials. 1995;16(13):987–992. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(95)94906-28580262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim GS, Kim CH, Park JY, Lee KU, Park CS. Effects of vitamin B12 on cell proliferation and cellular alkaline phosphatase activity in human bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor cells and UMR106 osteoblastic cells. Metabolism. 1996;45(12):1443–1446. doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90171-78969275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collin P, Nefussi JR, Wetterwald A, et al. Expression of collagen, osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase in a mineralizing rat osteoblastic cell culture. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;50(2):175–183. doi:10.1007/bf002987971373988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Dusinska M, Fjellsbo LM, Collins AR, Handy RD, Riediker M. Biological impact assessment of nanomaterial used in nanomedicine. Introduction to the NanoTEST project. Nanotoxicology. 2015;9(Suppl 1):5–12. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.82674323875681
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besinis A, De Peralta T, Tredwin CJ, Handy RD. Review of nanomaterials in dentistry: interactions with the oral microenvironment, clinical applications, hazards, and benefits. ACS Nano. 2015;9(3):2255–2289. doi:10.1021/nn505015e25625290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahabi S, Najafi F, Majdabadi A, et al. Effect of gamma irradiation on structural and biological properties of a PLGA-PEG-hydroxyapatite composite. Sci World J. 2014;2014:9. doi:10.1155/2014/420616
   Google Scholar