Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Bone Repair: Advantages for Promoting Bone Formation and Providing Real-Time Detection, Challenges and Future Prospects

References

• Smith BD, Grande DA. The current state of scaffolds for musculoskeletal regenerative applications. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(4):213–222. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.2725776947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Zeng X, Ma C, et al. Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Bone Res. 2017;5:17014. doi:10.1038/boneres.2017.1428584674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lienemann PS, Lutolf MP, Ehrbar M. Biomimetic hydrogels for controlled biomolecule delivery to augment bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64(12):1078–1089. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.01022465487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YB, Yu JK, Ren KX, Zuo JL, Ding JX, Chen XS. Thermosensitive hydrogels as scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules. 2019;20(4):1478–1492. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.9b0004330843390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benlidayi ME, Tatli U, Salimov F, Tukel HC, Yuksel O. Comparison of autogenous and allograft bone rings in surgically created vertical bone defects around implants in a sheep model. Clin Oral Implant Res. 2018;29(11):1155–1162. doi:10.1111/clr.13379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oladeji LO, Stannard JP, Cook CR, et al. Effects of autogenous bone marrow aspirate concentrate on radiographic integration of femoral condylar osteochondral allografts. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(12):2797–2803. doi:10.1177/036354651771572528737949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang QF, Yan JH, Yang JL, Li BY. Nanomaterials promise better bone repair. Mater Today. 2016;19(8):451–463. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2015.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du ZP, Feng XX, Cao GX, et al. The effect of carbon nanotubes on osteogenic functions of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and bone formation in vivo compared with that of nano-hydroxyapatite and the possible mechanism. Bioact. Mater. 2021;6(2):333-345. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.015
   Google Scholar
• Li G, Zhou T, Lin S, Shi S, Lin Y. Nanomaterials for craniofacial and dental tissue engineering. J Dent Res. 2017;96(7):725–732. doi:10.1177/002203451770667828463533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Maleki A, de la Guardia M, et al. Carbon based nanomaterials for tissue engineering of bone: building new bone on small black scaffolds: a review. J Adv Res. 2019;18:185–201. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.01131032119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Ku SH, Lim SY, Kim JH, Park CB. Graphene-biomineral hybrid materials. Adv Mater. 2011;23(17):2009–2014. doi:10.1002/adma.20110001021413084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin SR, Li YC, Jang HL, et al. Graphene-based materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;105B:255–274. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.007
   Google Scholar
• Nasiri F, Ajeli S, Semnani D, Jahanshahi M, Emadi R. Design, fabrication and structural optimization of tubular carbon/Kevlar((R))/PMMA/graphene nanoplate composite for bone fixation prosthesis. Biomed Mater. 2018;13(4):045010. doi:10.1088/1748-605X/aab8d629565261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk M, Deliormanli AM. Electrically conductive borate-based bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Appl. 2017;32(1):28–39. doi:10.1177/088532821770960828541125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgic AD, Alshemary AZ, Tezcaner A, Keskin D, Evis Z. Silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide composite reinforced fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl. 2018;32(10):1392–1405. doi:10.1177/088532821876366529544381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma SS, Sharma BB, Parashar A. Mechanical and fracture behavior of water submerged graphene. J Appl Phys. 2019;125(21):215107. doi:10.1063/1.5088884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raslan A, Del Burgo LS, Ciriza J, Pedraz JL. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Int J Pharm. 2020;580:119226. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.11922632179151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li XY, Liu YM, Li WG, et al. Effects of graphene oxide agglomerates on workability, hydration, microstructure and compressive strength of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2017;145:402–410. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai RG, Ninan N, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S. Graphene: a versatile platform for nanotheranostics and tissue engineering. Prog Mater Sci. 2018;91:24–69. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattnaik S, Swain K, Lin ZQ. Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites: biomedical applications and biosafety. J Mat Chem B. 2016;4(48):7813–7831. doi:10.1039/c6tb02086k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz E, Forriol F, Del Real JC, Dunne N. Graphene oxide versus graphene for optimisation of PMMA bone cement for orthopaedic applications. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2017;77:1003–1011. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.26928531971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deepachitra R, Chamundeeswari M, Kumar BS, et al. Osteo mineralization of fibrin-decorated graphene oxide. Carbon. 2013;56:64–76. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood M, Villagarcia H, Dervishi E, et al. Role of carbonaceous nanomaterials in stimulating osteogenesis in mammalian bone cells. J Mat Chem B. 2013;1(25):3220–3230. doi:10.1039/c3tb20248h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Kapusetti G, Bhong SY, et al. Osteoconductive amine functionalized graphene-poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cement composite with controlled exothermic polymerization. Bioconjugate Chem. 2017;28(9):2254–2265. doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J, Deng Y, Li JP, et al. A new graphene derivative: hydroxylated graphene with excellent biocompatibility. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(16):10226–10233. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b0203227052945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhart KE, Holt BD, Laurencin MG, Sydlik SA. Covalent conjugation of bioactive peptides to graphene oxide for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci. 2019;7(9):3876–3885. doi:10.1039/c9bm00867e31309944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La WG, Park S, Yoon HH, et al. Delivery of a therapeutic protein for bone regeneration from a substrate coated with graphene oxide. Small. 2013;9(23):4051–4060. doi:10.1002/smll.20130057123839958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou HJ, Jiang M, Xin YC, et al. Surface deposition of graphene layer for bioactivity improvement of biomedical 316 stainless steel. Mater Lett. 2017;192:123–127. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.12.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu P, Bao RY, Shi XJ, Yang W, Yang MB. Self-assembled high-strength hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/chitosan composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;155:507–515. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.00127702542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinescu S, Ionita M, Ignat SR, Costache M, Hermenean A. Graphene oxide enhances chitosan-based 3D scaffold properties for bone tissue engineering. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5077. doi:10.3390/ijms20205077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YC, Hu JL. Isocyanate modified GO shape-memory polyurethane composite. Polymers. 2020;12(1):118. doi:10.3390/polym12010118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi YY, Tai ZX, Sun DF, et al. Fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanofibrous biocomposite scaffolds. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;127(3):1885–1894. doi:10.1002/app.37924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li DJ, Nie W, Chen L, et al. Self-assembled hydroxyapatite-graphene scaffold for photothermal cancer therapy and bone regeneration. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2018;14(12):2003–2017. doi:10.1166/jbn.2018.264630305209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li KW, Wang CH, Yan JH, et al. Evaluation of the osteogenesis and osseointegration of titanium alloys coated with graphene: an in vivo study. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1843. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19742-y29382859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park KO, Lee JH, Park JH, et al. Graphene oxide-coated guided bone regeneration membranes with enhanced osteogenesis: spectroscopic analysis and animal study. Appl Spectrosc Rev. 2016;51(7–9):540–551. doi:10.1080/05704928.2016.1165687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan S, Vimalraj S, Anuradha D. Chitosan based thermoresponsive hydrogel containing graphene oxide for bone tissue repair. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:908–917. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.07230257403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai LS, Li L, Zhang Q. Fabrication of capsaicin functionalized reduced graphene oxide and its effect on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;57:41–45. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.01229175712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicuendez M, Silva VS, Hortiguela MJ, Matesanz MC, Vila M, Portoles MT. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast response and differentiation after graphene oxide nanosheet uptake. Colloid Surf B-Bio Interfaces. 2017;158:33–40. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak TR, Andersen H, Makam VS, et al. Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Nano. 2011;5(6):4670–4678. doi:10.1021/nn200500h21528849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold AM, Holt BD, Daneshmandi L, Laurencin CT, Sydlik SA. Phosphate graphene as an intrinsically osteoinductive scaffold for stem cell-driven bone regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(11):4855–4860. doi:10.1073/pnas.181543411630796184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CT, Xia LG, Han PP, et al. Graphene-oxide-modified beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics stimulate in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis. Carbon. 2015;93:116–129. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XW, Zheng S, Ye YZ, Wu YC, Lin KL, Su JS. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) by graphene via activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 beta-beta-catenin signal circuit. Biomater Sci. 2018;6(5):1147–1158. doi:10.1039/c8bm00127h29561031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YH, Zheng ZW, Zhou RP, et al. Developing a strontium-releasing graphene oxide-/collagen-based organic-inorganic nanobiocomposite for large bone defect regeneration via MAPK signaling pathway. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11(17):15986–15997. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b2260630945836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordoni V, Reina G, Orecchioni M, et al. Stimulation of bone formation by monocyte-activator functionalized graphene oxide in vivo. Nanoscale. 2019;11(41):19408–19421. doi:10.1039/c9nr03975a31386739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TK, Lu YC, Yeh ST, Lin TC, Huang CH, Huang CH. In vitro and in vivo biological responses to graphene and graphene oxide: a murine calvarial animal study. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:647–659. doi:10.2147/IJN.S231885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao QQ, Liu HX, Lin X, et al. 3D interpenetrated graphene foam/58S bioactive glass scaffolds for electrical-stimulation-assisted differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells to enhance bone regeneration. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(3):602–611. doi:10.1166/jbn.2019.270331165704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SY, Yang QM, Zhao WK, et al. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and osteogenesis of graphene-reinforced nanohydroxyapatite polyamide66 ternary biocomposite as orthopedic implant material. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:3179–3189. doi:10.2147/IJN.S105794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundu N, Mukherjee D, Maiti TK, Sarkar N. Protein-guided formation of silver nanoclusters and their assembly with graphene oxide as an improved bioimaging agent with reduced toxicity. J Phys Chem Lett. 2017;8(10):2291–2297. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b0060028468496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toumia Y, Cerroni B, Trochet P, et al. Performances of a pristine graphene-microbubble hybrid construct as dual imaging contrast agent and assessment of its biodistribution by photoacoustic imaging. Part Part Syst Char. 2018;35(7):1800066. doi:10.1002/ppsc.201800066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves G, Cruz SMA, Ramalho A, Gracio J, Marques PAAP. Graphene oxide versus functionalized carbon nanotubes as a reinforcing agent in a PMMA/HA bone cement. Nanoscale. 2012;4(9):2937–2945. doi:10.1039/c2nr30303e22499394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon J, Lodge MS, Dawson BD, Ishigami M, Shewmaker F, Chen B. Superb resolution and contrast of transmission electron microscopy images of unstained biological samples on graphene-coated grids. Biochim Biophys Acta-Gen Subj. 2013;1830(6):3807–3815. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Wu HX, Wang J, et al. Graphene oxide-BaGdF5 nanocomposites for multi-modal imaging and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 2015;42:66–77. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.05525542794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Hu HL, Feng LB, et al. Preparation and characterization of 3D porous conductive scaffolds with magnetic resonance enhancement in tissue engineering. Biomed Mater. 2019;14(4):045013. doi:10.1088/1748-605X/ab1d9c31035263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talukdar Y, Rashkow JT, Patel S, et al. Nanofilm generated non-pharmacological anabolic bone stimulus. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2020;108(1):178–186. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata MEV, Hernandez JHM, Grande Tovar CD, et al. Novel bioactive and antibacterial acrylic bone cement nanocomposites modified with graphene oxide and chitosan. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(12):2938. doi:10.3390/ijms20122938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YH. The first magnetic-nanoparticle-free carbon-based contrast agent of magnetic-resonance imaging-fluorinated graphene oxide. Small. 2014;10(8):1451–1452. doi:10.1002/smll.20130364424376224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury SM, Dasgupta S, Mcelroy AE, Sitharaman B. Structural disruption increases toxicity of graphene nanoribbons. J Appl Toxicol. 2014;34(11):1235–1246. doi:10.1002/jat.306625224919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Li YM, Chen GH, et al. Concentration-dependent cellular behavior and osteogenic differentiation effect induced in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with magnetic graphene oxide. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2020;108(1):50–60. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das S, Singh S, Singh V, et al. Oxygenated functional group density on graphene oxide: its effect on cell toxicity. Part Part Syst Char. 2013;30(2):148–157. doi:10.1002/ppsc.201200066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez-Pascual AM. Tissue engineering bionanocomposites based on poly(propylene fumarate). Polymers. 2017;9(7):260. doi:10.3390/polym9070260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díez-Pascual AM, Diez-Vicente AL. Poly(propylene fumarate)/polyethylene glycol-modified graphene oxide nanocomposites for tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(28):17902–17914. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b0563527383639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurapati R, Russier J, Squillaci MA, et al. Dispersibility-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide by myeloperoxidase. Small. 2015;11(32):3985–3994. doi:10.1002/smll.20150003825959808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurapati R, Mukherjee SP, Martin C, et al. Degradation of single‐layer and few‐layer graphene by neutrophil myeloperoxidase. Angew Chem-Int Edit. 2018;57(36):11722–11727. doi:10.1002/anie.201806906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold AM, Holt BD, Tang CX, Sydlik SA. Phosphate modified graphene oxide: long-term biodegradation and cytocompatibility. Carbon. 2019;154:342–349. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi S, Shafiei SS, Asadi-Eydivand M, Ardeshir M, Solati-Hashjin M. Graphene oxide-enriched poly (ε-caprolactone) electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J Bioact Compat Polym. 2017;32(3):325–342. doi:10.1177/0883911516668666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Wang CY, Wu S, Fan YB, Li XM. Influence of mechanical properties of biomaterials on degradability, cell behaviors and signaling pathways: current progress and challenges. Biomater Sci. 2020;8(10):2714–2733. doi:10.1039/d0bm00269k32307482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Wu S, Cao GX, Fan YB, Dunne N, Li XM. Biomechanical studies on biomaterial degradation and co-cultured cells: mechanisms, potential applications, challenges and prospects. J Mat Chem B. 2019;7:7439–7459. doi:10.1039/c9tb01539f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Garcia AJ. Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015;94:53–62. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.01325861724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi H, Rehman FU, Zhao CQ, Liu B, He NY. Recent advances in nano scaffolds for bone repair. Bone Res. 2016;4:16050. doi:10.1038/boneres.2016.5028018707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu YW, Murali S, Cai WW, et al. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater. 2010;22(35):3906–3924. doi:10.1002/adma.20100106820706983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou DG, Kinloch IA, Young RJ. Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;90:75–127. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Wei XD, Kysar JW, Hone J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science. 2008;321(5887):385–388. doi:10.1126/science.115799618635798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RJ, Kinloch IA, Gong L, Novoselov KS. The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos Sci Technol. 2012;72(12):1459–1476. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo SJ, Dong SJ. Graphene nanosheet: synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2011;40(5):2644–2672. doi:10.1039/c0cs00079e21283849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eqra R, Janghorban K, Manesh HD. Effect of number of graphene layers on mechanical and dielectric properties of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites. Plast Rubber Compos. 2015;44(10):405–412. doi:10.1179/1743289815Y.0000000037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YY, Gu YT. Mechanical properties of graphene: effects of layer number, temperature and isotope. Comput Mater Sci. 2013;71:197–200. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Seo KJ, Kim DE. Investigation of mechanical behavior of single- and multi-layer graphene by using molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Precis Eng Man. 2016;17(12):1693–1701. doi:10.1007/s12541-016-0196-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YF, Chen L, Duan ZH, Zhao K, Wu ZX. Graphene/barium titanate/polymethyl methacrylate bio-piezoelectric composites for biomedical application. Ceram Int. 2020;46(5):6567–6574. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao DZ, Jing J, Yu JC, et al. Graphene platelets enhanced pressureless-sintered B4C ceramics. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(4):171837. doi:10.1098/rsos.17183729765648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Ding XL, Zou TQ, Peng G, Liu HF, Fan YB. Preparation and characterization of electrospun graphene/silk fibroin conductive fibrous scaffolds. RSC Adv. 2017;7(13):7954–7963. doi:10.1039/C6RA26807B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionita M, Crica LE, Tiainen H, et al. Gelatin-poly(vinyl alcohol) porous biocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide as biomaterials. J Mat Chem B. 2015;4(2):282–291. doi:10.1039/C5TB02132D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HP, Yang B, Wang ZM, et al. Porous graphene oxide/chitosan nanocomposites based on interfacial chemical interactions. Eur Polym J. 2019;119:114–119. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SW, Zhang DD, Li Z, et al. Polydopamine functional reduced graphene oxide for enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites. J Coat Technol Res. 2018;15(6):1333–1341. doi:10.1007/s11998-018-0082-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XF, Miller AL, Waletzki BE, Lu LC. Cross-linkable graphene oxide embedded nanocomposite hydrogel with enhanced mechanics and cytocompatibility for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2018;106(5):1247–1257. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Deng HK, Fan YB, et al. Conductive nanostructured Si biomaterials enhance osteogeneration through electrical stimulation. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2019;103:109748. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.10974831349398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelto J, Bjorninen M, Palli A, et al. Novel polypyrrole-coated polylactide scaffolds enhance adipose stem cell proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(7–8):882–892. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2012.011123126228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrivikraman G, Lee PS, Hess R, Haenchen V, Basu B, Schamweber D. Interplay of substrate conductivity, cellular microenvironment, and pulsatile electrical stimulation toward osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(41):23015–23028. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b0639026418613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorso F, Colombo L, Yu GH, et al. Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science. 2015;347(6217):1246501. doi:10.1126/science.124650125554791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao GK, Li XM, Huang MR, et al. The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(15):4417–4449. doi:10.1039/C7CS00256D28678225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson BC, Murray E, Wallace GG. Graphite oxide to graphene. Biomaterials to bionics. Adv Mater. 2015;27(46):7563–7582. doi:10.1002/adma.20150041125914294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong SS, Ni H, Jiang L, Cheng QF. Learning from nature: constructing high performance graphene-based nanocomposites. Mater Today. 2016;20(4):210–219. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2016.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JF, Liu X, Crook JM, Wallace GG. Electrical stimulation-induced osteogenesis of human adipose derived stem cells using a conductive graphene-cellulose scaffold. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2020;107:110312. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.11031231761174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman PA, Li H, Gao Y, Lu YF, Stenger-Smith JD, Redepenning J. Preparation and characterization of high surface area, high porosity carbon monoliths from pyrolyzed bovine bone and their performance as supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon. 2013;55:291–298. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin L, Wu DC, Kuddannaya S, Zhang YL, Wang ZL. Fabrication, characterization, and biocompatibility of polymer cored reduced graphene oxide nanofibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(8):5170–5177. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b0024326836319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva M, Caridade SG, Vale AC, et al. Biomedical films of graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes with natural polymers. RSC Adv. 2017;7(44):27578–27594. doi:10.1039/C7RA04173J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuai CJ, Zeng ZC, Yang YW, et al. Graphene oxide assists polyvinylidene fluoride scaffold to reconstruct electrical microenvironment of bone tissue. Mater Des. 2020;190:108564. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azadian E, Arjmand B, Ardeshirylajimi A, Hosseinzadeh S, Omidi M, Khojasteh A. Polyvinyl alcohol modified polyvinylidene fluoride-graphene oxide scaffold promotes osteogenic differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Biochem. 2019;121(5–6):3185–3196. doi:10.1002/jcb.2958531886565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahriri M, Monico MD, Moghanian A, et al. Graphene and its derivatives: opportunities and challenges in dentistry. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2019;102:171–185. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.05131146988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadrezaei D, Golzar H, Rad M, et al. In vitro effect of graphene structures as an osteoinductive factor in bone tissue engineering: a systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2018;106(8):2284–2343. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt BD, Arnold AM, Sydlik SA. Peptide-functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a bioactive mechanically robust tissue regeneration scaffold. Polym Int. 2017;66(8):1190–1198. doi:10.1002/pi.5375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WC, Lim CH, Shi H, et al. Origin of enhanced stem cell growth and differentiation on graphene and graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 2011;5(9):7334–7341. doi:10.1021/nn202190c21793541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie CM, Sun HL, Wang KF, Zheng W, Lu X, Ren FZ. Graphene oxide nanolayers as nanoparticle anchors on biomaterial surfaces with nanostructures and charge balance for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2017;105(5):1311–1323. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JY, Zhang X, Cai H, et al. Osteogenic activity and antibacterial effect of zinc oxide/carboxylated graphene oxide nanocomposites: preparation and in vitro evaluation. Colloid Surf B-Bio Interfaces. 2016;147:397–407. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur T, Thirugnanam A, Pramanik K. Effect of carboxylated graphene nanoplatelets on mechanical and in-vitro biological properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today Commun. 2017;12:34–42. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2017.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavafoghi M, Brodusch N, Gauvin R, Cerruti M. Hydroxyapatite formation on graphene oxide modified with amino acids: arginine versus glutamic acid. J R Soc Interface. 2016;13(114):20150986. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2017.06.00426791001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz E, Ballesteros Y, Forriol F, Dunne NJ, Del Real JC. Graphene and graphene oxide functionalisation with silanes for advanced dispersion and reinforcement of PMMA-based bone cements. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2019;104:109946. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.10994631499982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuppaladadium SSR, Agarwal T, Kulanthaivel S, et al. Silanization improves biocompatibility of graphene oxide. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2020;110:110647. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.11064732204077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia ZJ, Shi YY, Xiong P, et al. From solution to biointerface: graphene self-assemblies of varying lateral sizes and surface properties for biofilm control and osteodifferentiation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(27):17151–17165. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b0519827327408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Liu HY, Zhao BJ, et al. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cell-mediated mineralization of hydroxyapatite by poly-dopamine-functionalized graphene oxide. J Bioact Compat Polym. 2015;30(3):289–301. doi:10.1177/0883911515569918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmavathy N, Jaidev LR, Bose S, Chatterjee K. Oligomer-grafted graphene in a soft nanocomposite augments mechanical properties and biological activity. Mater Des. 2017;126:238–249. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XH, Ma DM, Tang H, et al. Polyamidoamine dendrimer and oleic acid-functionalized graphene as biocompatible and efficient gene delivery vectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6(11):8173–8183. doi:10.1021/am500812h24836601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou C, Ding N, Luo F, et al. Graphene-based microRNA transfection blocks preosteoclast fusion to increase bone formation and vascularization. Adv Sci. 2018;5(2):1700578. doi:10.1002/advs.201700578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li KH, Zhang ZF, Li DP, et al. Biomimetic ultralight, highly porous, shape-adjustable, and biocompatible 3D graphene minerals via incorporation of self-assembled peptide nanosheets. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28(29):1801056. doi:10.1002/adfm.201801056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang ES, Kim DS, Han Y, et al. Three-dimensional graphene-RGD peptide nanoisland composites that enhance the osteogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):669. doi:10.3390/ijms19030669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WJ, Yang GZ, Wang XS, et al. Magnetically controlled growth-factor-immobilized multilayer cell sheets for complex tissue regeneration. Adv Mater. 2017;29(43):1703795. doi:10.1002/adma.201703795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao QQ, Liu YX, Sun HL. Heparin-dopamine functionalized graphene foam for sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;12(6):1519–1529. doi:10.1002/term.268129702734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnithan AR, Sasikala ARK, Park CH, Kim CS. A unique scaffold for bone tissue engineering: an osteogenic combination of graphene oxide-hyaluronic acid.chitosan with simvastatin. J Ind Eng Chem. 2017;46:182–191. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun HH, Zhang LF, Xia W, Chen LX, Xu ZZ, Zhang WQ. Fabrication of graphene oxide-modified chitosan for controlled release of dexamethasone phosphate. Appl Phys A-Mater Sci Process. 2016;122(7):632. doi:10.1007/s00339-016-0029-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng WZ, Nie W, Zhou QR, et al. Controlled release of vancomycin from 3D porous graphene-based composites for dual-purpose treatment of infected bone defects. RSC Adv. 2017;7(5):2753–2765. doi:10.1039/C6RA26062D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang CY, Luo YC, Yang GD, et al. Graphene oxide hybridized nHAC/PLGA scaffolds facilitate the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018;13:15. doi:10.1186/s11671-018-2432-629327198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XJ, Lin KL, Wang ZL. Enhanced growth and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on Ti6Al4V alloys modified with reduced graphene oxide. RSC Adv. 2017;7(24):14430–14437. doi:10.1039/c6ra25832h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu C, Bai HT, Hu Q, Gao TL, Bai YS. Enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts on graphene oxide-impregnated PLGA-gelatin nanocomposite fibrous membranes. RSC Adv. 2017;7(15):8886–8897. doi:10.1039/c6ra26020a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby SD, Masi T, Griffin CD, et al. Functionalized graphene nanoparticles induce human mesenchymal stem cells to express distinct extracellular matrix proteins mediating osteogenesis. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:2501–2513. doi:10.2147/IJN.S245801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krukiewicz K, Putzer D, Stuendl N, Lohberger B, Awaja F. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human primary mesenchymal stem and progenitor cultures on graphene oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite scaffolds. Materials. 2020;13(13):2991. doi:10.3390/ma13132991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostami F, Tamjid E, Behmanesh M. Drug-eluting PCL/graphene oxide nanocomposite scaffolds for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2020;115:111102. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.11110232600706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou YL, Qazvini NT, Zane KL, et al. Gelatin-derived graphene-silicate hybrid materials are biocompatible and synergistically promote BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(19):15922–15932. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b0027228406027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie W, Peng C, Zhou X, et al. Three-dimensional porous scaffold by self-assembly of reduced graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. Carbon. 2017;116:325–337. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan JH, Wang CH, Li KW, et al. Enhancement of surface bioactivity on carbon fiber-reinforced polyether ether ketone via graphene modification. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:3425–3440. doi:10.2147/IJN.S160030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermenean A, Codreanu A, Herman H, et al. Chitosan-graphene oxide 3D scaffolds as promising tools for bone regeneration in critical-size mouse calvarial defects. Sci Rep. 2017;7:16641. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16599-529192253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu JJ, Guo JS, Geng H, Qian WH, Liu XY. Three-dimensional porous graphene nanosheets synthesized on the titanium surface for osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells. Carbon. 2017;125:227–235. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu H, He ZC, Chan YK, He XH, Yu Y, Deng Y. Hierarchical ZnO nanotube/graphene oxide nanostructures endow pure Zn implant with synergistic bactericidal activity and osteogenicity. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2019;58(42):19377–19385. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin M, Munir K, Wen CE, Li YC. Magnesium-based composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets as biodegradable implant materials. J Alloys Compd. 2020;828:154461. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Chen JD, Zou L, Xu G, Geng YS. Facile one-step bioinspired mineralization by chitosan functionalized with graphene oxide to activate bone endogenous regeneration. Chem Eng J. 2019;378:122174. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguz OD, Ege D. Preparation of graphene oxide-reinforced calcium phosphate/calcium sulfate/methylcellulose-based injectable bone substitutes. MRS Commun. 2019;9(4):1174–1180. doi:10.1557/mrc.2019.125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Jiang H, Ouyang X, et al. CaCO3/tetraethylenepentamine-graphene hollow microspheres as biocompatible bone drug carriers for controlled release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(44):30027–30036. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b1069727753474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang J, Cao WJ, Zhang Y, et al. Properties of vaterite-containing tricalcium silicate composited graphene oxide for biomaterials. Biomed Mater. 2019;14(4):045004. doi:10.1088/1748-605x/ab0de330844782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai CB, Li Y, Pan WZ, et al. Three-dimensional high-porosity chitosan/honeycomb porous carbon/hydroxyapatite scaffold with enhanced osteoinductivity for bone regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020;6(1):575–586. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JF, Liu X, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Crook JM, Wallace GG. Smart graphene-cellulose paper for 2D or 3D “origami-inspired” human stem cell support and differentiation. Colloid Surf B-Bio Interfaces. 2019;176:87–95. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SK, Zhou CC, Mou S, et al. Biocompatible graphene oxide-collagen composite aerogel for enhanced stiffness and in situ bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2019;105:110137. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.11013731546424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Enhanced cell functions on graphene oxide incorporated 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2019;102:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.02631146979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhusari SA, Sharma V, Bose S, Basu B. HDPE/UHMWPE hybrid nanocomposites with surface functionalized graphene oxide towards improved strength and cytocompatibility. J R Soc Interface. 2019;16(150):20180273. doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.027330958172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng ZY, Li Y, Hao L, et al. Graphene-reinforced biodegradable resin composites for stereolithographic 3D printing of bone structure scaffolds. J Nanomater. 2019;2019:9710264. doi:10.1155/2019/9710264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Wong HM, Yeung KW, Tjong SC. Novel electrospun polylactic acid nanocomposite fiber mats with hybrid graphene oxide and nanohydroxyapatite reinforcements having enhanced biocompatibility. Polymers. 2016;8(8):287. doi:10.3390/polym8080287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi C, Deng Y, Xu LM, et al. A sericin/graphene oxide composite scaffold as a biomimetic extracellular matrix for structural and functional repair of calvarial bone. Theranostics. 2020;10(2):741–756. doi:10.7150/thno.3950231903148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WJ, Chang Q, Xu L, et al. Graphene oxide-copper nanocomposite-coated porous CaP scaffold for vascularized bone regeneration via activation of Hif-1α. Adv Healthc Mater. 2016;5(11):1299–1309. doi:10.1002/adhm.20150082426945787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halim A, Liu L, Ariyanti AD, Ju Y, Luo Q, Song GB. Low-dose suspended graphene oxide nanosheets induce antioxidant response and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via JNK-dependent FoxO1 activation. J Mat Chem B. 2019;7(39):5998–6009. doi:10.1039/c9tb01413f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao M, Dai YK, Li XB, et al. Evaluation of long-term biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of graphene nanosheet doped calcium phosphate-chitosan AZ91D composites. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl. 2018;90:365–378. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.08229853102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Xiao CW, Huang YZ, et al. Enhanced bioactivity and osteoinductivity of carboxymethyl chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 2018;8(32):17860–17877. doi:10.1039/C8RA00383A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Zhao Q, Chen YJ, et al. Effects of graphene oxide and graphene oxide quantum dots on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Artif Cell Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019;47(1):822–832. doi:10.1080/21691401.2019.1576706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan XX, Yang W, Shao ZW, Yang SH, Liu XZ. Graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrids promoting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by activating p38 signaling pathway. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:5473–5484. doi:10.2147/IJN.S115468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HD, Kim J, Koh RH, et al. Enhanced osteogenic commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells on polyethylene glycol-based cryogel with graphene oxide substrate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3(10):2470–2479. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh M, Kim SH, Kim J, et al. Graphene oxide reinforced hydrogels for osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. RSC Adv. 2017;7(34):20779–20788. doi:10.1039/C7RA02410J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valles G, Bensiamar F, Maestro-Paramio L, Garcia-Rey E, Vilaboa N, Saldana L. Influence of inflammatory conditions provided by macrophages on osteogenic ability of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11(1):57. doi:10.1186/s13287-020-1578-132054534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Li GQ, Liu M, Zhou TT, Zhou HB. Paracrine effect of inflammatory cytokine-activated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its role in osteoblast function. J Biosci Bioeng. 2016;121(2):213–219. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.05.01726315505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Liu R, Wang X, et al. Crucial role of lateral size for graphene oxide in activating macrophages and stimulating pro-inflammatory responses in cells and animals. ACS Nano. 2015;9(10):10498–10515. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b0475126389709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng YS, Pescatore N, Gogotsi Y, et al. Rapid adsorption of proinflammatory cytokines by graphene nanoplatelets and their composites for extracorporeal detoxification. J Nanomater. 2018;2018:6274072. doi:10.1155/2018/6274072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue DT, Chen EM, Zhong HM, et al. Immunomodulatory properties of graphene oxide for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:5799–5810. doi:10.2147/IJN.S170305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathkar A, Narayanan TN, Alemany LB, et al. Synthesis of fluorinated graphene oxide and its amphiphobic properties. Part Part Syst Char. 2013;30(3):266–272. doi:10.1002/ppsc.201200091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enayati M, Nemati A, Zarrabi A, Shokrgozar MA. The role of oxygen defects in magnetic properties of gamma-irradiated reduced graphene oxide. J Alloys Compd. 2019;784:134–148. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YQ, Chen SZ, Li HD, et al. Engineered paramagnetic graphene quantum dots with enhanced relaxivity for tumor imaging. Nano Lett. 2019;19(1):441–448. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0425230560672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gizzatov A, Keshishian V, Guven A, et al. Enhanced MRI relaxivity of aquated Gd3+ ions by carboxyphenylated water-dispersed graphene nanoribbons. Nanoscale. 2014;6(6):3059–3063. doi:10.1039/c3nr06026h24504060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pramanik N, De J, Basu RK, Rath T, Kundu PP. Fabrication of magnetite nanoparticle doped reduced graphene oxide grafted polyhydroxyalkanoate nanocomposites for tissue engineering application. RSC Adv. 2016;6(52):46116–46133. doi:10.1039/C6RA03233H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang L, Dai CQ, Bi L, Guo ZS, Fan JJ. Biosafety and antibacterial ability of graphene and graphene oxide in vitro and in vivo. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2017;12:564. doi:10.1186/s11671-017-2317-029027140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roșu MC, Pall E, Socaci C, et al. Cytotoxicity of methylcellulose-based films containing graphenes and curcumin on human lung fibroblasts. Process Biochem. 2017;52:243–249. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wychowaniec JK, Litowczenko J, Tadyszak K. Fabricating versatile cell supports from nano- and micro-sized graphene oxide flakes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020;103:103594. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.10359432090924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurunathan S, Kang M, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Differential cytotoxicity of different sizes of graphene oxide nanoparticles in Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(2):139. doi:10.3390/nano9020139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Akhavan A. Size-dependent genotoxicity of graphene nanoplatelets in human stem cells. Biomaterials. 2012;33(32):8017–8025. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.04022863381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YK, Wang FF, Wang SH, et al. Reduction of graphene oxide alters its cyto-compatibility towards primary and immortalized macrophages. Nanoscale. 2018;10(30):14637–14650. doi:10.1039/c8nr02798f30028471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervin S, Murphy J, Aviles R, Pillai SC, Garvey M. An in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of graphene nanosheets on alveolar cells. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;434:1274–1284. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syama S, Mohanan PV. Safety and biocompatibility of graphene: a new generation nanomaterial for biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;86:546–555. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.11626851208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou K, Yu P, Shi XJ, et al. Hierarchically porous hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffold incorporated with reduced graphene oxide for rapid bone ingrowth and repair. ACS Nano. 2019;13(8):9595–9606. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b0472331381856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YJ, Feng LZ, Shi XZ, et al. Surface coating-dependent cytotoxicity and degradation of graphene derivatives: towards the design of non-toxic, degradable nano-graphene. Small. 2014;10(8):1544–1554. doi:10.1002/smll.20130323424376215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Lu XY, Lu XQ. Cytotoxic mechanism for silver nanoparticles based high-content cellomics and transcriptome sequencing. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(7):1401–1414. doi:10.1166/jbn.2019.278531196346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ES, Kim SH. Fabrication of size-controlled linoleic acid particles and evaluation of their in-vitro lipotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;100:50–61. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.00527939595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar