Gentiopicroside PLGA Nanospheres: Fabrication, in vitro Characterization, Antimicrobial Action, and in vivo Effect for Enhancing Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

References

• Mudrić J, Pajić M, Bigović D, Đuriš J. Development of gastroretentive floating granules with gentian root extract by hot-melt granulation. Lek sirov. 2020;40(40):40–44. doi:10.5937/leksir2040040M
   Google Scholar
• Karalija E, Ćavar Zeljković S, Dahija S, Bešta-Gajević R, Parić A. Phenolics of aerial parts of Gentiana lutea L. and their biological activity. Agronomy. 2021;11(7):1442. doi:10.3390/agronomy11071442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Zhao Y-L, Zhang J, Li W-Y, Wang Y-Z. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae). Chem Biodivers. 2016;13(2):107–150. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201500333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafaro T, Carnicelli V, Caprioli G, et al. Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea root extract. Adv Tradit Med. 2020;20(4):619–630. doi:10.1007/s13596-020-00447-5
   Google Scholar
• Živković I, Šavikin K, Zdunić G, et al.Antiviral activity of medicinal plants extracts against foodborne norovirus. Lek sirov. 2018;(38):31–34. doi:10.5937/leksir1838031Z
   Google Scholar
• Mustafa AM, Caprioli G, Dikmen M, et al. Evaluation of neuritogenic activity of cultivated, wild and commercial roots of Gentiana lutea L. J Funct Foods. 2015;19:164–173. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou W, Ouyang J, Wang H, Wang X. Antidermatophyte activity of the Gentiopicroside-rich n-butanol fraction from Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. Root on a Guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Complement Med Res. 2019;26(1):31–38. doi:10.1159/000492384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS. Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:1–17. doi:10.1155/2011/438056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hamid A, Marwa I, El-Naenaeey EY, et al. Promising antibiofilm agents: recent breakthrough against biofilm producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics. 2020;9(10):667. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9100667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Application B, Kim SM, Patel M, Patel R. PLGA core-shell nano/microparticle delivery system for Biomedical Application. Polymers. 2021;13:1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkader DH, El-Gizawy SA, Faheem AM, McCarron PA, Osman MA. Effect of process variables on formulation, in-vitro characterization and subcutaneous delivery of insulin PLGA nanoparticles: an optimisation study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2018;43:160–171. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2017.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nava-Arzaluz MG, Pinon-Segundo E, Ganem-Rondero A, Lechuga-Ballesteros D. Single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique and modifications for the preparation of pharmaceutical polymeric nanoparticles. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2012;6(3):209–223. doi:10.2174/187221112802652633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faheem AM, Abdelkader DH. Novel drug delivery systems. In: Engineering Drug Delivery Systems; 2020:1–16. doi:10.1038/nbt0289-127
   Google Scholar
• Swider E, Koshkina O, Tel J, Cruz LJ, de Vries IJM, Srinivas M. Customizing poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2018;73:38–51. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng W, Liu Z, Li Y, et al. Development and characterization of cores–shell poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-chitosan microparticles for sustained release of GDNF. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;159:791–799. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Q, Luan X, Zheng M, et al. Synergistic mechanisms of constituents in herbal extracts during intestinal absorption: focus on natural occurring nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):128. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Cheng X, Bligh SWA, White KN, Branford-white CJ, Wang Z. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gentiopicroside from decoctions of Gentianae and Longdan Xiegan Tang after oral administration in rats — comparison with gentiopicroside alone. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;44(5):1113–1117. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkader DH, Abosalha AK, Khattab MA, Aldosari BN, Almurshedi AS. A novel sustained anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin — calcium PLGA nanoparticles: in vitro optimization and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(10):1–21. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boltnarova B, Kubackova J, Skoda J, et al. Plga based nanospheres as a potent macrophage‐specific drug delivery system. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(3):1–17. doi:10.3390/nano11030749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng F, Yang H, Liu X, Hong H, Paek N, Cai Q. HPLC fingerprinting and quantification of gentiopicroside and loganic acid in gentianae macrophyllae radix crude drugs. J Chin Pharm Sci. 2010;19(04):243–250.
   Google Scholar
• Mahboob T, Nawaz M, de Lourdes Pereira M, et al. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with gallic acid-A constituent of Leea indica against Acanthamoeba triangularis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65728-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo SM, Günday N, Koch M, Schneider M, Türeli E. Reliable release testing for nanoparticles with the NanoDis System, an innovative sample and separate technique. Int J Pharm. 2021;609:121215. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SR, Ho MJ, Lee E, Lee JW, Young wook choi MJK. Cationic PLGA/Eudragit RL nanoparticles for increasing retention time in synovial cavity after intra-articular injection in knee joint. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:5263–5271. doi:10.2147/IJN.S88363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza SD. A review of in vitro drug release test methods for nano-sized dosage forms. Adv Pharm. 2014;2014:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelkader DH, Osman MA, El-Gizawy SA, Hawthorne SJ, Faheem AM, McCarron PA. Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on insulin stability and cutaneous cell proliferation in vitro following cytoplasmic delivery of insulin-loaded nanoparticulate carriers – a potential topical wound management approach. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;114:372–384. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, Lv S, Li X, et al. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo pharmacokinetics of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with oleanolic acid and gentiopicrin. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:3227–3239. doi:10.2147/IJN.S45031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFaddin JF Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dolinsky AL, Ohiro RK, Fan W, Xiao C, Wu F. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2000. Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Document M100–S10. J Int Med Res. 2019;46:18.
   Google Scholar
• Mayrhofer S, Zitz U, Birru FH, et al. Comparison of the CLSI guideline and ISO/IDF standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of lactobacilli. Microb Drug Resist. 2014;20(6):591–603. doi:10.1089/mdr.2013.0189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elekhnawy E, Sonbol F, Abdelaziz A, Elbanna T. An investigation of the impact of triclosan adaptation on Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates from an Egyptian University hospital. Brazilian J Microbiol. 2021;52(2):927–937. doi:10.1007/s42770-021-00485-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attallah NGM, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, et al. Elucidation of phytochemical content of Cupressus macrocarpa leaves: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Antibiotics. 2021;10(8):890. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10080890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelaziz A, Sonbol F, Elbanna T, El-Ekhnawy E. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride induces antimicrobial resistance and cellular changes in Klebsiellae pneumoniae clinical isolates. Microb Drug Resist. 2019;25(5):631–638. doi:10.1089/mdr.2018.0235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musumeci T, Ventura CA, Giannone I, et al. PLA/PLGA nanoparticles for sustained release of docetaxel. Int J Pharm. 2006;325(1–2):172–179. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.06.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew A, Taranalli AD, Torgal SS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of Gentiana lutea Rhizome extracts in animals evaluation of anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of Gentiana lutea Rhizome extracts in animals. Pharm Biol. 2004;42(1):8–12. doi:10.1080/13880200390502883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn L, Prosser HCG, Tan JTM, Vanags LZ, Ng MKC, Bursill CA. Murine model of wound healing. J Vis Exp. 2013;75:1–6. doi:10.3791/50265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkader DH, Murtaza T, Mitchell CA, et al. Enhanced cutaneous wound healing in rats following topical delivery of insulin-loaded nanoparticles embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol)-borate hydrogels. J Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2018;8(5):1053–1065. doi:10.1007/s13346-018-0554-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culling CFA. Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2013. Available from: https://www.elsevier.com/books/handbook-of-histopathological-and-histochemical-techniques/culling/978-0-407-72901-8.
   Google Scholar
• Abbas H, El Sayed NS, Ali ME, Elsheikh MA. Integrated lecithin–bile salt nanovesicles as a promising approach for effective skin delivery of luteolin to improve UV-induced skin damage in Wistar albino rats. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2021;211:112299. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Cheng L, Matsuura A, Xiang L, Qi J. Gentiopicroside, a secoiridoid glycoside from Gentiana rigescens Franch, extends the lifespan of yeast via inducing mitophagy and antioxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:1–12. doi:10.1155/2020/9125752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alphonse M, Thiagarajan K. Optimisation of gentiopicroside production in Gentiana kurroo Royle from adventitious root cultures in a liquid culture system. Vitr Cell Dev Biol. 2021;57(2):179–189. doi:10.1007/s11627-021-10168-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromberg ZR, Phipps ML, Magurudeniya HD, et al. Formulation of stabilizer-free, nontoxic PLGA and elastin-PLGA nanoparticle delivery systems. Int J Pharm. 2021;597:120340. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhuraj RS, Bomb K, Srivastava R, Bandyopadhyaya R. Dual drug delivery of curcumin and niclosamide using PLGA nanoparticles for improved therapeutic effect on breast cancer cells. J Polym Res. 2020;27(133):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail R, Sovány T, Gácsi A, et al. Synthesis and statistical optimization of Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) nanoparticles encapsulating GLP1 analog designed for oral delivery. Pharm Res. 2019;36(7):7. doi:10.1007/s11095-019-2620-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jana U, Mohanty AK, Pal SL, Manna PK, Mohanta GP. Felodipine loaded PLGA nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vivo toxicity study. Nano Converg. 2014;1(31):1–10. doi:10.1186/s40580-014-0031-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pool H, Quintanar D, Figueroa JDD, et al. Antioxidant effects of quercetin and catechin encapsulated into PLGA nanoparticles. J Nanomater. 2012;2012:1–12. doi:10.1155/2012/145380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke M, Vollrath A, Klepsch L, et al. Optimized encapsulation of the FLAP/PGES-1 inhibitor BRP-187 in PVA-stabilized plga nanoparticles using microfluidics. Polymers. 2020;12(11):1–16. doi:10.3390/polym12112751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi I, Kato Y, Makino K. Effects of polyvinyl alcohol on drug release from nanocomposite particles using poly (L-lactide-co-glycolide). J Oleo Sci. 2021;70(3):341–348. doi:10.5650/jos.ess20299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma N, Madan P, Lin S. Effect of process and formulation variables on the preparation of parenteral paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles: a co-surfactant study. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2016;11(3):404–416. doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2015.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhya M, Ramasamy D, Sudhakar K, Kadirgama K, Harun WSW. Ultrasonication an intensifying tool for preparation of stable nanofluids and study the time influence on distinct properties of graphene nanofluids–A systematic overview. Ultrason Sonochem. 2021;73:105479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Gomes B, Frasco MF, Coelho MAN, Carmo Pereira M. PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2015;6(1):1306–1318. doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandamudi M, Mcloughlin P, Behl G, et al. Chitosan-Coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating triamcinolone acetonide as a potential candidate for sustained ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(1590):1–20. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da silva AB, Miniter M, Thom W, et al. Gastrointestinal absorption and toxicity of nanoparticles and microparticles: myth, reality and pitfalls explored through titanium dioxide. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2020;19:112–120. doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2020.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awaad A, Nakamura M, Ishimura K. Imaging of size-dependent uptake and identification of novel pathways in mouse Peyer’s patches using fluorescent organosilica particles. Nanomedicine. 2012;8(5):627–636. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2011.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence. 2021;12(1):547–569. doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Supuran CT. Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(3):200–216. doi:10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann M, Berditsch M, Hawecker J, Ardakani MF, Gerthsen D, Ulrich AS. Damage of the bacterial cell envelope by antimicrobial peptides gramicidin S and PGLa as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(8):3132–3142. doi:10.1128/AAC.00124-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkader DH, Osman MA, El-Gizawy SA, Faheem AM, McCarron PA. The role of insulin in wound healing process: mechanism of action and pharmaceutical applications. J Anal Pharm Res. 2016;2(1):1–6. doi:10.15406/japlr.2016.02.00007
   Google Scholar
• Yang P, Wang D, Shi Y, et al. Insulin-containing wound dressing promotes diabetic wound healing through stabilizing HIF-1α. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:1–10. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.592833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Gong X, Agula B, et al. Iridoids: research advances in their phytochemistry, biological activities, and pharmacokinetics. Molecules. 2020;25(287):1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Yuan T, Wu L, Ji Z, Zuo Z, Wang Y. Identification of Gentiana rigescens from different geographical origins based on HPLC and FTIR fingerprints. Anal Methods. 2020;12(17):2260–2271. doi:10.1039/d0ay00309c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi L-J, Zhang J, Zhao Y-L, Zuo ZT, Wang Y-Z, Li F-S. Discrimination and evaluation Gentiana rigescens–Camellia sinensis with different planting year using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Agroforest Syst. 2019;93(3):1157–1166. doi:10.1007/s10457-018-0216-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar