Strategies and Progress of Raman Technologies for Cellular Uptake Analysis of the Drug Delivery Systems

References

• Allen TM, Cullis PR. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science. 2004;303(5665):1818–1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbitt MW, Dahlman JE, Langer R. Emerging frontiers in drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc. 2016;138(3):704–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Lillard JW Jr. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009;86(3):215–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosquera J, García I, Liz-Marzán LM. Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles versus Small Molecules: a Matter of Size. Acc Chem Res. 2018;51(9):2305–2313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri A, Battaglia G, Golestanian R. The effect of interactions on the cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Phys Biol. 2011;8(4):046002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tantra R, Knight A. Cellular uptake and intracellular fate of engineered nanoparticles: a review on the application of imaging techniques. Nanotoxicology. 2011;5(3):381–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W, et al. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(14):4218–4244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan S, Mansoor S, Rafi Z, et al. A review on nanotechnology: properties, applications, and mechanistic insights of cellular uptake mechanisms. J Mol Liq. 2022;348:118008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J-X, Xie XS. Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: an emerging platform for biology and medicine. Science. 2015;350(6264):aaa8870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart S, Priore RJ, Nelson MP, Treado PJ. Raman imaging. Ann Rev Analytical Chem. 2012;5:337–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Wei H, Li N, et al. Rapid identification and quantification of diquat in biological fluids within 30s using a portable Raman spectrometer. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023;115083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton VG, Lee M, Maguregui A, et al. Applications of Raman microscopy in cancer biology and drug discovery (Conference Presentation). Paper presented at: Advanced Chemical Microscopy for Life Science and Translational Medicine; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Yan S, He Z, et al. Small unnatural amino acid carried Raman tag for molecular imaging of genetically targeted proteins. J Phys Chem Lett. 2018;9(16):4679–4685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallepitis C, Bergholt MS, Mazo MM, et al. Quantitative volumetric Raman imaging of three dimensional cell cultures. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):14843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allakhverdiev ES, Khabatova VV, Kossalbayev BD, et al. Raman spectroscopy and its modifications applied to biological and medical research. Cells. 2022;11(3):386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Camp CH Jr, Lee YJ. Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for polymers. J Polymer Sci. 2022;60(7):1244–1265.
   Google Scholar
• Hu F, Shi L, Min W. Biological imaging of chemical bonds by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Nat Methods. 2019;16(9):830–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipping WJ, Wilson LT, An C, et al. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with spectral phasor analysis: applications in assessing drug–cell interactions. Chemical Sci. 2022;13(12):3468–3476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialla D, März A, Böhme R, et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): progress and trends. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;403(1):27–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Weber S, Peng R, et al. Toward SERS-based therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical settings: recent developments and trends. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chem. 2023;117094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakthavatsalam S, Dodo K, Sodeoka M. A decade of alkyne-tag Raman imaging (ATRI): applications in biological systems. RSC Chem Biol. 2021;2(5):1415–1429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Mashtoly SF, Petersen D, Yosef HK, et al. Label-free imaging of drug distribution and metabolism in colon cancer cells by Raman microscopy. Analyst. 2014;139(5):1155–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JP, Liu M, Lauro ML, et al. Raman hyperspectral imaging with multivariate analysis for investigating enzyme immobilization. Analyst. 2020;145(23):7571–7581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GPS, McGoverin CM, Fraser SJ, Gordon KC. Raman imaging of drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015;89:21–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangan S, Schulze HG, Vardaki MZ, Blades MW, Piret JM, Turner RF. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the development of cell therapies: state of the art and future perspectives. Analyst. 2020;145(6):2070–2105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanwar S, Paidi SK, Prasad R, Pandey R, Barman I. Advancing Raman spectroscopy from research to clinic: translational potential and challenges. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2021;260:119957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden-Hehir S, Tipping WJ, Lee M, Brunton VG, Williams A, Hulme AN. Raman imaging of nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(3):341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(9):941–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Guo M, Xu J, et al. Nanoparticles targeting macrophages as potential clinical therapeutic agents against cancer and inflammation. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik MK, Bhatt P, Kumar T, et al. Significance of chemically derivatized starch as drug carrier in developing novel drug delivery devices. Natural Products J. 2023;13(6):40–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Karp JM, Langer R, Joshi N. The Future of Drug Delivery. Vol. 35. ACS Publications; 2023:359–363.
   Google Scholar
• Allen TM, Cullis PR. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(1):36–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Li S, Xu M, et al. Polymer-and lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: current status and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;114770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingayat VJ, Zarekar NS, Shendge RS. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review. Nanosci Nanotechnol Res. 2017;4(2):67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Mora-Huertas CE, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2010;385(1–2):113–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu Y, Fan X, Zhang Z, et al. Harnessing polymer-derived drug delivery systems for combating inflammatory bowel disease. J Controlled Release. 2023;354:1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng S, Gigliobianco MR, Censi R, Di Martino P. Polymeric nanocapsules as nanotechnological alternative for drug delivery system: current status, challenges and opportunities. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(5):847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(2):101–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, et al. Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS nano. 2008;2(5):889–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman N, Devnarain N, Omolo CA, Fasiku V, Jaglal Y, Govender T. Surface modification of nano‐drug delivery systems for enhancing antibiotic delivery and activity. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;14(1):567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Nieh M-P, Li Y. Decorating nanoparticle surface for targeted drug delivery: opportunities and challenges. Polymers. 2016;8(3):83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foroozandeh P, Aziz AA. Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018;13(1):339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banushi B, Joseph SR, Lum B, Lee JJ, Simpson F. Endocytosis in cancer and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2023;1–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flannagan RS, Jaumouillé V, Grinstein S. The cell biology of phagocytosis. Ann Rev Pathol. 2012;7:61–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta D, Donaldson JG. Search for inhibitors of endocytosis: intended specificity and unintended consequences. Cell Logist. 2012;2(4):203–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Lunova M, et al. Lysosomal nanotoxicity: impact of nanomedicines on lysosomal function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;114828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Wu B, Li M, et al. Lysosome-Targeting Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoparticle Enables Adoptive Macrophage Transfer-Based Precise Therapy of Bacterial Infections. ACS nano. 2023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portilla Y, Mulens-Arias V, Paradela A, et al. The surface coating of iron oxide nanoparticles drives their intracellular trafficking and degradation in endolysosomes differently depending on the cell type. Biomaterials. 2022;281:121365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin MO, Al-Hetlani E, Lednev IK. Detection and identification of drug traces in latent fingermarks using Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed A, Smith EA. Raman imaging in cell membranes, lipid-rich organelles, and lipid bilayers. Ann Rev Analytical Chem. 2017;10(1):56.
   Google Scholar
• Movasaghi Z, Rehman S, Rehman IU. Raman spectroscopy of biological tissues. Appl Spectrosc Rev. 2007;42(5):493–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren J, Mao S, Lin J, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Xu N. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2022;28(18):1445–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler HJ, Ashton L, Bird B, et al. Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials. Nat Protoc. 2016;11(4):664–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohumi S, Kim MS, Qin J, Cho B-K. Raman imaging from microscopy to macroscopy: quality and safety control of biological materials. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chem. 2017;93:183–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaifulina R, Maher AT, Kendall C, et al. Label-free Raman spectroscopic imaging to extract morphological and chemical information from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat colon tissue section. Int J Exp Pathol. 2016;97(4):337–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Hu F, Min W. Raman Imaging of Small Biomolecules. Annu Rev Biophys. 2019;48:347–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen A, Kortum R Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection. Paper presented at: Proceedings-19th International Conference IEEE/EMBS, Chicago, USA 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Utzinger U, Heintzelman DL, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Malpica A, Follen M, Richards-Kortum R. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancers. Appl Spectrosc. 2001;55(8):955–959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes da Costa S, Richter A, Schmidt U, Breuninger S, Hollricher O. Confocal Raman microscopy in life sciences. Morphologie. 2019;103(341):11–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durrant B, Trappett M, Shipp D, Notingher I. Recent developments in spontaneous Raman imaging of living biological cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2019;51:138–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocklitz TW, Guo S, Ryabchykov O, Vogler N, Popp J. Raman Based Molecular Imaging and Analytics: a Magic Bullet for Biomedical Applications!? Anal Chem. 2016;88(1):133–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierlinger N, Keplinger T, Harrington M. Imaging of plant cell walls by confocal Raman microscopy. Nat Protoc. 2012;7(9):1694–1708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zini J, Saari H, Ciana P, et al. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy for purity assessment of extracellular vesicles. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2022;172:106135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglik SG, Royo F, Guigner J-M, et al. Raman tweezers microspectroscopy of circa 100 nm extracellular vesicles. Nanoscale. 2019;11(4):1661–1679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojalin T, Koster HJ, Liu J, et al. Hybrid nanoplasmonic porous biomaterial scaffold for liquid biopsy diagnostics using extracellular vesicles. ACS sensors. 2020;5(9):2820–2833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualerzi A, Kooijmans SAA, Niada S, et al. Raman spectroscopy as a quick tool to assess purity of extracellular vesicle preparations and predict their functionality. J Extracellular Vesicles. 2019;8(1):1568780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero G, Qiu Y, Murray RA, Moya SE. Study of Intracellular Delivery of Doxorubicin from Poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) Nanoparticles by Means of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Confocal Raman Microscopy. Macromol Biosci. 2013;13(2):234–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero G, Ochoteco O, Sanz DJ, Estrela‐Lopis I, Donath E, Moya SE. Poly (L actide‐co‐G lycolide) Nanoparticles, Layer by Layer Engineered for the Sustainable Delivery of AntiTNF‐α. Macromol Biosci. 2013;13(7):903–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horgan CC, Jensen M, Nagelkerke A, et al. High-throughput molecular imaging via deep-learning-enabled Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2021;93(48):15850–15860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Li J, Song D, et al. NWU‐RSIT: an integrated graphical user interface for biomedical Raman spectral imaging with both univariate and multivariate modules. J Raman Spectroscopy. 2021;52(8):1428–1439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim T, Matthäus C, Press AT, et al. Uptake of Retinoic Acid‐Modified PMMA Nanoparticles in LX‐2 and Liver Tissue by Raman Imaging and Intravital Microscopy. Macromol Biosci. 2017;17(10):1700064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernenko T, Buyukozturk F, Miljkovic M, Carrier R, Diem M, Amiji M. Label-free Raman microspectral analysis for comparison of cellular uptake and distribution between nontargeted and EGFR-targeted biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2013;3(6):575–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Chen T, Wang Y, et al. Conjugated polymer with intrinsic alkyne units for synergistically enhanced Raman imaging in living cells. Angewandte Chemie Int Edition. 2017;56(43):13455–13458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthäus C, Kale A, Chernenko T, Torchilin V, Diem M. New ways of imaging uptake and intracellular fate of liposomal drug carrier systems inside individual cells, based on Raman microscopy. Mol Pharm. 2008;5(2):287–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang B, Yan S, Xiao L, et al. Label-Free Imaging of Nanoparticle Uptake Competition in Single Cells by Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering. Small. 2018;14(10):1703246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden-Hehir S, Cairns SA, Lee M, et al. Alkyne-tagged PLGA allows direct visualization of nanoparticles in vitro and ex vivo by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Biomacromolecules. 2019;20(10):4008–4014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu F, Brucks SD, Lambert TH, Campos LM, Min W. Stimulated Raman scattering of polymer nanoparticles for multiplexed live-cell imaging. Chem Commun. 2017;53(46):6187–6190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian S, Li H, Li Z, et al. Polydiacetylene-based ultrastrong bioorthogonal Raman probes for targeted live-cell Raman imaging. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huefner A, Kuan W-L, Müller KH, Skepper JN, Barker RA, Mahajan S. Characterization and visualization of vesicles in the endo-lysosomal pathway with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. ACS nano. 2016;10(1):307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapara A, Brunton V, Graham D, Faulds K. Investigation of cellular uptake mechanism of functionalised gold nanoparticles into breast cancer using SERS. Chemical Sci. 2020;11(22):5819–5829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Luo C, Yang M, Li J, Ma P, Zhang X. Intracellular uptake of and sensing with SERS-active hybrid exosomes: insight into a role of metal nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 2020;15(9):913–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Apeldoorn AA, van Manen H-J, Bezemer JM, de Bruijn JD, van Blitterswijk CA, Otto C. Raman Imaging of PLGA Microsphere Degradation Inside Macrophages. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126(41):13226–13227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernenko T, Matthäus C, Milane L, Quintero L, Amiji M, Diem M. Label-Free Raman Spectral Imaging of Intracellular Delivery and Degradation of Polymeric Nanoparticle Systems. ACS Nano. 2009;3(11):3552–3559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei L, Hu F, Chen Z, Shen Y, Zhang L, Min W. Live-cell bioorthogonal chemical imaging: stimulated Raman scattering microscopy of vibrational probes. Acc Chem Res. 2016;49(8):1494–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Shen Y, Hu F, Min W. Applications of vibrational tags in biological imaging by Raman microscopy. Analyst. 2017;142(21):4018–4029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaschler MM, Hu F, Feng H, Linkermann A, Min W, Stockwell BR. Determination of the subcellular localization and mechanism of action of ferrostatins in suppressing ferroptosis. ACS Chem Biol. 2018;13(4):1013–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipping WJ, Lee M, Serrels A, Brunton VG, Hulme AN. Imaging drug uptake by bioorthogonal stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Chemical Sci. 2017;8(8):5606–5615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodo K, Fujita K, Sodeoka M. Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Biology Research. J Am Chem Soc. 2022;144(43):19651–19667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Zhang D, Cheng J-X. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy in biology and medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2015;17:415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schie IW, Krafft C, Popp J. Applications of coherent Raman scattering microscopies to clinical and biological studies. Analyst. 2015;140(12):3897–3909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince RC, Frontiera RR, Potma EO. Stimulated Raman scattering: from bulk to nano. Chem Rev. 2017;117(7):5070–5094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp CH Jr, Cicerone MT. Chemically sensitive bioimaging with coherent Raman scattering. Nat Photonics. 2015;9(5):295–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer J, Jimenez de Aberasturi D, Aizpurua J, et al. Present and future of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. ACS nano. 2019;14(1):28–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanwar S, Kim JH, Bulte JW, Barman I. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering: an emerging tool for sensing cellular function. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;e1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Zhang W, Liu Z, et al. Insights into the intracellular behaviors of black-phosphorus-based nanocomposites via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nanophotonics. 2018;7(10):1651–1662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De albuquerque CDL, Hokanson KM, Thorud SR, Sobral-Filho RG, Lindquist NC, Brolo AG. Dynamic imaging of multiple SERS hotspots on single nanoparticles. ACS Photonics. 2020;7(2):434–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregas MK, Yan F, Scaffidi J, Wang H-N, Vo-Dinh T. Characterization of nanoprobe uptake in single cells: spatial and temporal tracking via SERS labeling and modulation of surface charge. Nanomedicine. 2011;7(1):115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro PC, Fateixa S, Nogueira HI, Trindade T. Magnetite-supported gold nanostars for the uptake and SERS detection of tetracycline. Nanomaterials. 2018;9(1):31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakhmola A, Krishnan S, Onesto V, et al. Sustainable synthesis and theoretical studies of polyhedral gold nanoparticles displaying high SERS activity, NIR absorption, and cellular uptake. Materials Today Chem. 2022;26:101016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huefner A, Septiadi D, Wilts BD, et al. Gold nanoparticles explore cells: cellular uptake and their use as intracellular probes. Methods. 2014;68(2):354–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bálint Š, Rao S, Sánchez MM, Huntošová V, Miškovský P, Petrov D. Diffusion and cellular uptake of drugs in live cells studied with surface-enhanced Raman scattering probes. J Biomed Opt. 2010;15(2):027005–027007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doane TL, Burda C. The unique role of nanoparticles in nanomedicine: imaging, drug delivery and therapy. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(7):2885–2911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biju V. Chemical modifications and bioconjugate reactions of nanomaterials for sensing, imaging, drug delivery and therapy. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43(3):744–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JR, Olusanya TO, Lamprou DA. Characterization of drug delivery vehicles using atomic force microscopy: current status. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2018;15(12):1211–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardhi VP, Verma T, Flora S, Chandasana H, Shukla R. Nanocrystals: an overview of fabrication, characterization and therapeutic applications in drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(43):5129–5146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si Y, Kim S, Zhang E, et al. Targeted exosomes for drug delivery: biomanufacturing, surface tagging, and validation. Biotechnol J. 2020;15(1):1900163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh T, Procházka M, Dong Z-C, et al. Toward a new era of SERS and TERS at the nanometer scale: from fundamentals to innovative applications. Chem Rev. 2023;123(4):1552–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krafft C, Dietzek B, Schmitt M, Popp J. Raman and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy for biomedical applications. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(4):040801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J-X, Xie XS. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy: Instrumentation, Theory, and Applications. Vol. 108. ACS Publications; 2004:827–840.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y-J, Kyne M, Wang C, X-Y Y. Data mining in Raman imaging in a cellular biological system. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2020;18:2920–2930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y-J, Kyne M, Wang S, Wang S, X-Y Y, Wang C. A User-Friendly Platform for Single-Cell Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2022;282:121686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Juan A, Maeder M, Hancewicz T, Duponchel L, Tauler R. Chemometric tools for image analysis. Infrared Raman Spectroscopic Imaging. 2009;1:65–106.
   Google Scholar
• Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P. Principal component analysis. Chemometrics Intelligent Lab Sys. 1987;2(1–3):37–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Mascolo D, Coclite A, Gentile F, Francardi M. Quantitative micro-Raman analysis of micro-particles in drug delivery. Nanoscale Adv. 2019;1(4):1541–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento JMP, Dias JMB. Vertex component analysis: a fast algorithm to unmix hyperspectral data. IEEE T Geosci Remote. 2005;43(4):898–910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyvärinen A, Oja E. Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications. Neural Networks. 2000;13(4–5):411–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugesan R, Raman S. Recent trends in carbon nanotubes based prostate cancer therapy: a biomedical hybrid for diagnosis and treatment. Curr Drug Deliv. 2022;19(2):229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felten J, Hall H, Jaumot J, Tauler R, De Juan A, Gorzsás A. Vibrational spectroscopic image analysis of biological material using multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). Nat Protoc. 2015;10(2):217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essendoubi M, Alsamad F, Noël P, et al. Combining Raman imaging and MCR‐ALS analysis for monitoring retinol permeation in human skin. Skin Res Technol. 2021;27(6):1100–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Nawa Y, Ishida S, Kanda Y, Fujita S, Fujita K. Label-free chemical imaging of cytochrome P450 activity by Raman microscopy. Commun Biol. 2022;5(1):778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prats-Mateu B, Felhofer M, de Juan A, Gierlinger N. Multivariate unmixing approaches on Raman images of plant cell walls: new insights or overinterpretation of results? Plant Methods. 2018;14(1):1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chernenko T, Sawant R, Miljkovic M, Quintero L, Diem M, Torchilin V. Raman microscopy for noninvasive imaging of pharmaceutical nanocarriers: intracellular distribution of cationic liposomes of different composition. Mol Pharm. 2012;9(4):930–936.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar