Clearing the complexity: immune complexes and their treatment in lupus nephritis

References

• RahmanAIsenbergDAMechanisms of disease: systemic lupus erythematosusN Engl J Med200835892993918305268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RadicMMarionTMonestierMNucleosomes are exposed at the cell surface in apoptosisJ Immunol20041726692670015153485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BieseckerGKatzSKofflerDRenal localization of the membrane attack complex in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritisJ Exp Med1981154177917947033435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OrtegaLMSchultzDRLenzOLupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology, and a guide to therapeutic decisionsLupus20101955757420089610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeeningJJD’AgatiVDSchwartzMMThe classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisitedKidney Int20046552153014717922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NajafiCCKorbetSMLewisEJSignificance of histologic patterns of glomerular injury upon long-term prognosis in severe lupus glomerulonephritisKidney Int2001592156216311380817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorchersATKeenCLShoenfeldYSurviving the butterfly and the wolf: mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosusAutoimmun Rev2004342345315351310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerveraRKhamashtaMAFontJMorbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patientsMedicine (Baltimore)20038229930814530779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevinskyRJCameronJSSoothillJFSerum immune complexes and disease activity in lupus nephritisLancet1977156456765659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MortensenESRekvigOPNephritogenic potential of anti-DNA antibodies against necrotic nucleosomesJ Am Soc Nephrol20092069670419329762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CruchaudAChenaisFFournieGJImmune complex deposits in systemic lupus erythematosus kidney without histological or functional alterationsEur J Clin Invest197519752973091149788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForgerFMatthiasTOppermannMClinical significance of anti-dsDNA antibody isotypes: IgG/IgM ratio of anti-dsDNA antibodies as a prognostic marker for lupus nephritisLupus200413364414870916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmouraZKoutouzovSChabreHAntinucleosome antibodies of the IgG3 subclass are markers of renal pathogenicity in systemic lupus erythematosusArthritis Rheum200043768410643702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BijlMDijstelbloemHMOostWWIgG subclass distribution of autoantibodies differs between renal and extra-renal relapses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusRheumatology (Oxford)200241626711792881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VillaltaDRomelliPBSavinaCAnti-dsDNA antibody avidity determination by a simple reliable ELISA method for SLE diagnosis and monitoringLupus200312313612587824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JaekelH-PTrabandtAGrobeNAnti-dsDNA antibody subtypes and anti-C1q antibodies: toward a more reliable diagnosis and monitoring of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritisLupus20061533534516830879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FentonKATommerasBMarionTNPure anti-dsDNA mAbs need chromatin structures to promote glomerular mesangial deposits in BALB/c miceAutoimmunity20104317918819835488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohro-KawataJWangPKawataYHighly cationic anti-DNA antibodies in patients with lupus nephritis analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblottingElectrophoresis199819151115159694304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MostoslavskyGFischelRYachimovichNLupus anti-DNA autoantibodies cross-react with a glomerular structural protein: a case for tissue injury by molecular mimicryEur J Immunol2001311221122711298348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZykovaSNSeredkinaNBenjaminsenJReduced fragmentation of apoptotic chromatin is associated with nephritis in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) miceArthritis Rheum20085881382518311834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeYHJiJDSongGGFcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysisLupus200918872773419502269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BergtoldAGavhaneAD’AgatiVFcR-bearing myeloid cells are responsible for triggering murine lupus nephritisJ Immunol20061777287729517082647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiYLeePYSobelESIncreased expression of FcγRI/CD64 on circulating monocytes parallels ongoing inflammation and nephritis in lupusArthritis Res Ther200911R619144150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClynesRCalvaniNCrokerBPModulation of immune response in pristane-induced lupus by expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptorsClin Exp Immunol200514123023715996187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KarpDRComplement and systemic lupus erythematosusCurr Opin Rheumatol20051753854216093830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KavaiMImmune complex clearance by complement receptor type 1 in SLEAutoimmun Rev2008816016418602499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinicoRAIkehataMGiammarresiGAnti-C1q autoantibodies in lupus nephritis: prevalence and clinical significanceAnn N Y Acad Sci2005105019320016014534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrendelenburgMLopez-TrascasaMPotlukovaEHigh prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies in biopsy-proven active lupus nephritisNephrol Dial Transplant2006213115312116877491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TrouwLAGroeneveldTWLSeelenMAAnti-C1q autoantibodies desposit in glomeruli but are only pathogenic in combination with glomerular C1q-containing immune complexesJ Clin Invest200411467968815343386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BouleMWBroughtonCMackayFToll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent dendritic cell activation by chromatin-immunoglobulin G complexesJ Exp Med20041991631164015197227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaveriSVMouthonLBayryJBasophils and nephritis in lupusN Engl J Med20103631080108220825323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CambridgeGLeandroMJTeodorescuMB cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: effect on autoantibody and antimicrobial antibody profilesArthritis Rheum2006543612362217075806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FurieRLooneyRRovinBEfficacy and safety of ritux-imab in subjects with active proliferative lupus nephritis (LN): results from the randomized, double-blind phase III LUNAR studyAmerican College of Rheumatology National Meeting 2009Philadelphia (PA)2009 Oct 17–21 Abstract 1149.
   Google Scholar
• LooneyRJB cell-targeted therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus: an update on clinical trial dataDrugs20107052954020297867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MerrillJTNeuweltCMWallaceDJEfficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trialArthritis Rheum6222223320039413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TerrierBAmouraZRavaudPSafety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registryArthritis Rheum622458246620506527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche and Biogen Idec decide to suspend ocrelizumab treatment – rheumatoid arthritis development programme on holdBiogen Idec2010 http://www.biogenidec.com/PRESS_RELEASE_DETAILS.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1400446. Accessed 2010 Oct 12.
   Google Scholar
• SanzILeeFEB cells as therapeutic targets in SLENat Rev Rheumatol2010632633720520647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WallaceDJStohlWFurieRAA phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosusArthritis Care Res20096111681178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobiAMHuangWWangTEffect of long-term belimumab treatment on B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: extension of a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging studyArthritis Rheum20106220121020039404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DornerTKaufmannJWegenerWAInitial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosusArthritis Res Ther20068R7416630358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DingliDRajkumarSVHow best to use new therapies in multiple myelomaBlood Rev2010249110020359801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeubertKMeisterSMoserKThe proteasome inhibitor bortezomib depletes plasma cells and protects mice with lupus-like disease from nephritisNat Med20081474875518542049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KangH-KMichaelsMABernerBRVery low-dose tolerance with nucleosomal peptides controls lupus and induces regulatory T cell subsetsJ Immunol20051743247325515749855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CardielMHTumlinJAFurieRAAbetimus sodium for renal flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a randomized, controlled phase III trialArthritis Rheum2008582470248018668592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RandJHWuX-XQuinnASHydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-β2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayersBlood20081121687169518577708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ToongCWienholtLAdelsteinSHydroxychloroquine reduces binding of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in vitroIntern Med J201040Suppl 417
   Google Scholar
• McLachlanAJCutlerDJTettSEPlasma protein binding of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and metabolitesEur J Clin Pharmacol1993444814848359187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScariaPVCraigJCShaferRHDifferential binding of the enantiomers of chloroquine and quinacrine to polynucleotides: implications for stereoselective metabolismBiopolymers1993338878958318663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwakye-BerkoFMeshnickSSequence preference of chloroquine binding to DNA and prevention of Z-DNA formationMol Biochem Paristol199039275278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FismenSMortensenESRekvigOPNuclease deficiencies promote end-stage lupus nephritis but not nephritogenic autoimmunity in (NZBxNZW) F1 miceImmunol Cell Biol2010615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavisJCJrManziSYarboroCRecombinant human Dnase I (rhDNase) in patients with lupus nephritisLupus19998687610025601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry-BurchardiNSchonermarkUSamtlebenWApheresis in lupus nephritisTher Apher2001516117011467751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YamajiKKimYJTsudaHLong-term clinical outcomes of synchronized therapy with plasmapheresis and intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in the treatment of steroid-resistant lupus nephritisTher Apher Dial200812429830518789117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DanieliMGPalmieriCSalviASynchronised therapy and high-dose cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritisJ Clin Apher200217727712210709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SugimotoKYamajiKYangKSImmunoadsorption plasmapheresis using a phenylalanine column as an effective treatment for lupus nephritisTher Apher Dial20061018719216684222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakahashiSWadaNHaradaKImmunoadsorbent apheresis eliminates pathogenic IgG in childhood lupus nephritisPediatr Int20074981782118045278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PascualVFarkasLBanchereauJSystemic lupus erythematosus: all roads lead to type I interferonsCurr Opin Immunol20061867668217011763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LafyatisRYorkMMarshak-RothsteinAAntimalarial agents: closing the gate on Toll-like receptors?Arthritis Rheum2006543068307017009223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FulmerTSparing steroids in lupusSciBX2010312
   Google Scholar
• YaoYRichmanLHiggsBWNeutralizaiton of interferon-α/β-inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an anti-inteferon-α monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosusArthritis Rheum2009601785179619479852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MadaioMPCarlsonJCataldoJMurine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to glomerular antigens and form immune depositsJ Immunol1987138288328893553329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChanTMLeungJKHoSKMesangial cell-binding anti-DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusJ Am Soc Nephrol2002131219122911961009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuHChenMZhangYCross-reaction of anti-DNA autoantibodies with membrane proteins of human glomerular mesangial cells in sera from patients with lupus nephritisClin Exp Immunol2006145212716792669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KramersCHylkemaMNvan BruggenMCJAnti-nucleosome antibodies complexed to nucleosomal antigens show anti-DNA reactivity and bind to rat glomerular basement membrane in vivoJ Clin Invest1994945685778040312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoriokaTFujigakiYBatsfordSRAnti-DNA antibody derived from a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient forms histone-DNA-anti-DNA complexes that bind to rat glomeruli in vivoClin Exp Immunol199610492968603540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsaoBPOhnishiKCheroutreHFailed self-tolerance and autoimmunity in IgG anti-DNA transgenic miceJ Immunol19921493503581607661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RazEBrezisMRosenmannEAnti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidneyJ Immunol1989142307630822785132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EhrensteinMRKatzDRGriffithsMHHuman IgG anti-DNA antibodies deposit in kidneys and induce proteinuria in SCID miceKidney Int1995487057117474655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RavirajanCTRahmanMAPapadakiLGenetic, structural and functional properties of an IgG DNA-binding monoclonal antibody from a lupus patient with nephritisEur J Immunol1998283393509485213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KalaajiMFentonKAMortensenESGlomerular apoptotic nucleosomes are central target structures for nephritogenic antibodies in human SLE nephritisKidney Int20077166467217332738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CasalsSPFriouGJMyersLLSignificance of antibody to DNA in systemic lupus erythematosusArthritis Rheum1964737939014202576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerveraRVinasORamos-CasalsMAnti-chromatin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a useful marker for lupus nephropathyAnn Rheum Dis20036243143412695155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter BorgEJHorstGHummelEJMeasurement of increases in anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels as a predictor of disease exacerbation in systemic lupus erythematosus: A long-term, prospective studyArthritis Rheum19903356346432346519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AdlerMKBaumgartenAHechtBPrognostic significance of DNA-binding capacity patterns in patients with lupus nephritisAnn Rheum Dis1975344444501221925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HorowitzDMFurieRAAbetimus sodium: a medication for the prevention of lupus nephritis flaresExpert Opin Pharmacother2009101501150719505217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DonadioJVJHolleyKEFergusonRHTreatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamideN Engl J Med197829911511155309095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoussiauFAVasconcelosCD’CruzDImmunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamideArthritis Rheum2002462121213112209517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoussiauFAVasconcelosCD’CruzDThe 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamideAnn Rheum Dis201069616419155235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetriMBrodskyRAJonesRJHigh-dose cyclophosphamide versus monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective randomized trialArthritis Rheum2010621487149320131296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YeeCSGordonCDostalCEULAR randomised controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone versus continuous cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone in lupus nephritisAnn Rheum Dis20036352552915082482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IlleiGGYarboroCHKuroiwaTLong-term effects of combination treatment with fludarabine and low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide in patients with lupus nephritisRheumatology (Oxford)20074695295617317716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinzlerEMDooleyMAAranowCMycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritisN Engl J Med20053532219222816306519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AppelGBContrerasGDooleyMAMycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritisJ Am Soc Nephrol2009201103111219369404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RadhakrishnanJMoutzourisD-AGinzlerEMMycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritisKidney Int20107715216019890271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OngLMHooiLSLimTORandomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritisNephrology20051050451016221103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuBChenNLinYMycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNephrol Dial Transplant2007221933194217405792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LanataCMMahmoodTFineDMCombination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritisLupus20101993594020388722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrootscholtenCLigtenbergGHagenECAzathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trialKidney Int20067073274216820790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrootscholtenCBajemaIMFlorquinSTreatment with cyclophosphamide delays the progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritisArthritis Rheum20075692493717328070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChanTMHistologic deterioration and more flares: the case against azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritisArthritis Rheum20075670270417328038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZavadaJPesickovaSRysavaRCyclosporine A or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis: the Cyclofa-Lune studyLupus2010191281128920605876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-CasalsMSotoMJCuadradoMJRituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review of off-label use in 188 casesLupus20091876777619578100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiEKTamLSZhuTYIs combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis?Rheumatology (Oxford)20094889289819478041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LateefALahiriMTengGGUse of rituximab in the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Singapore experienceLupus20101976577020118162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-CarrascoMMendoza-PintoCSandoval-CruzMAnti-CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patientsLupus20101921321919965944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonsdottirTGunnarssonIMouraoAFClinical improvements in proliferative vs membranous lupus nephritis following B-cell depletion: pooled data from two cohortsRheumatology (Oxford)2010491502150420427294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ContrerasGPardoVLeclercqBSequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritisN Engl J Med200435097198014999109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ContrerasGTozmanENaharNMaintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamideLupus200514s33s3815803929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SahinGMSahinSKiziltasSMycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritisRenal Failure20083086586918925525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoussiauFD’CruzDSangleSthe MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial GroupAzathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis TrialAnn Rheum Dis2010692083208920833738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WofsyDAppelGBDooleyMAAspreva Lupus Management Study maintenance resultsLupus201019Suppl27 (CS12.6).19933722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoroniGDoriaAMoscaMA randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four yearsClin J Am Soc Nephrol2006192593217699309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar