Current Perspectives of Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis and Clinical Management Challenges of Nuchal Cord(s)

References

• Liu LC, Huang HB, Yu MH, Su HY. Analysis of intrauterine fetal demise – A hospital based study in Taiwan over a decade. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;52:546–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtonen T, Marrkula T, Soidinsalo P, Otonkonski S, Laine J. Causes of stillbirth in Turku, Finland, 2001–2011. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2017;20(1):5–15. doi:10.1177/1093526616686236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammad IA, Blue NR, Allhouse AA, et al.;NICHD Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Group. Umbilical cord abnormalities and stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135:644–652. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parast MM, Crum CP, Boyd TK. Placental histologic criteria for umbilical blood flow restriction in unexplained stillbirth. Hum Pathol. 2008;39(6):948–953. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan ED, Trivedi N, Bernirschke K, Lacoursiere DY, Parast MM. Placental histologic criteria for diagnosis of cord accident: sensitivity and specificity. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2012;15(4):275–280. doi:10.2350/11-12-1127-OA.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Amoabeng O, Dryer A, Dalloul M. Current perspectives of prenatal sonographic diagnosis and clinical management challenges of true knot of the umbilical cord. Int J Womens Health. 2020;12:221–233. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S192260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benirschke K, Kaufman P. Anatomy and pathology of the umbilical cord and major fetal vessels. In: Benirschke K, Kaufman P, editors. Pathology of the Human Placenta. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1995:319–377.
   Google Scholar
• Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, Franchi M, Bruhwiler H. Prenatal assessment of the Hyrtl anastomosis and evaluation of its function: case report. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(7):1890–1893. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, Balestrei D, Duria P, Scheinder H. In-utero characterization of the blood flow in Hyrtl anastomosis. Placenta. 2001;22(6):597–601. doi:10.1053/plac.2001.0685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Manning FA. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of conditions associated with potential umbilical cord compression. Am J Perinatol. 1999;16(9):445–458. doi:10.1055/s-1999-6807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Dalloul M, Ward K, et al. Coexisting true umbilical cord knot and nuchal cord: possible cumulative increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(3):404–405. doi:10.1002/uog.17389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurau D, Zaltz A, Yoo WK, Rahmani MR. All tied up and nowhere to go: report of a figure-eight umbilical cord complex true knot and triple nuchal cord detected on antenatal sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:1361–1363. doi:10.7863/ultra.15.09044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkwabong E, Ndoumbe Mballo J, Dobbit JS. Risk factors for nuchal cord entanglement at delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;4(1):108–112. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogueh O, Al-Tarkait A, Vallerand D, et al. Obstetrical factors related to nuchal cord. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(7):810–814. doi:10.1080/00016340500345428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades DA, Latza U, Mueller BA. Risk factors and outcomes associated with nuchal cord. A population-based study. J Reprod Med. 1999;44:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dursun P, Salman MC, Ozyuncu O, Aksu T. Nuchal cord type B associated with an excessively long umbilical cord as a cause of stillbirth. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31(2):58–59.
   Google Scholar
• Spellacy WN, Graven H, Fisch RO. The umbilical cord and complications of true knot, nuchal cords, and cords around the body. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966;94:1136–1142. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(66)90777-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson JD, Rayburn WF, Harlan VL. Nuchal cord entanglements and gestational age. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14:555–557. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp JF, Stepanchak W, Hashimoto K, Ehrenberg H, Lopez B. The natural history of nuchal cords. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:488–493. doi:10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00371-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäffer L, Burkhardt T, Zimmermann R, Kurmanavicius J. Nuchal cords in term and postterm deliveries – do we need to know? Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(1):23–28. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000165322.42051.0f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford JS. Cord around the neck: incidence and sequelae. Acta Paediatr. 1962;51:594–603. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1962.tb06586.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford JS. Cord around the neck: further analysis of incidence. Acta Paediatr. 1964;53:553–557. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1964.tb07267.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shui KP, Eastman NJ. Coiling of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1957;64:227–228. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1957.tb02625.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dipple AL. Maligned umbilical cord entanglements. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964;88:1012–1019. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(16)35085-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho FN, Liu CB, Li JY, Carey JR, Liou WS. Absent fetal movement and brain sparing effect associated with multiple tight nuchal cords. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;52:457. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2013.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Hearn B, Jones AP, Woods JR. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis, assessment, and management of a fetus with a quadruple nuchal cord at 39 weeks’ gestation. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(6):383–384. doi:10.1055/s-2007-999421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeld JD, Ludmir J, Eife S, Robbins D, Samuels P. Prenatal detection and management of a quadruple nuchal cord. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1992;37(12):989–991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkson L, Pahlitzsch T, Henrich W. Sextuple rings of nuchal cord by breech presentation: a warning sign. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54(6):843–844. doi:10.1002/uog.2036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judy C, Bell LA. A case of seven nuchal loops and a review of the literature. Mo Med. 2005;102(6):569–570.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Le Ray C, Audibert F, Wagner MS. Management of nuchal cord with multiple loops. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;112(2 Pt 2):460–461. doi:10.1097/AOG.Ob03e3181fd75c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds M, Windrim R, Kingdom J. Complex umbilical cord entanglement. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(9):1827–1829. doi:10.3109/14767058.2011.644361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy S, Cochrane R. A difficult delivery associated with a nuchal cord found nine times around the fetal neck. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27(8):859–860. doi:10.1080/01443610701748336
   Google Scholar
• Milan DB, Konan J, Kouakou KC, Angoi V, Gbary E, Itoua C. Severe antenatal strangulation and sudden fetal death occurs at term. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(1):6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyaegbunam A, Brustman L, Divon M, Langer O. The significance of antepartum variable decelerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;155:707–710. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(86)80003-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyndrup J, Schouenborg L. Cord entanglement in monoamniotic twin pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;26:275–278. doi:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90080-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons JN, Rufleth P, Lewis PE. Identification of nuchal cords during nonstress testing. J Reprod Med. 1985;30:97–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez-Bauer C, Troxell RM, Roberts JE, et al. A clinical test for diagnosing nuchal cords. J Reprod Med. 1987;32:924–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Menashe M, Sadovsky E. Severe fetal bradycardia caused by external vibratory acoustic stimulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:334–335. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(88)80079-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Hearn-Stebbins B, Woods JR. Sonographic verification of a nuchal cord following a vibratory acoustic stimulation-induced severe variable fetal heart rate deceleration with expedient abdominal delivery. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8:345–346. doi:10.1055/s-2007-999411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyaegbunam A, Dichik A, Stoessel R, Mikhail MS. Vibroacoustic stimulation of the fetus entering the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:963–966. doi:10.1097/00006250-199406000-00013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomello F. Ultrasound determination of nuchal cord in breech presentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;156:531–532. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(88)80123-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JH. Nuchal cord type A and type B. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(1):94. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70444-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peesay M. Nuchal cord and its implications. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3:28. doi:10.1186/s40748-017-0068-7
   Google Scholar
• Henry E, Andres RL, Christensen RD. Neonatal outcomes following a tight nuchal cord. J Perinatol. 2013;33:231–234. doi:10.1038/jp.2012.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer M, Laurichesse-Delmas H, Ville Y. The effect of nuchal cord on nuchal translucency measurements at 10–14 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;11:271–273. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.11040271.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maymon R, Herman A, Dreazen E, Tovbin Y, Bukovsky I, Weintraub Z. Can nuchal cord cause transient increased nuchal translucency. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:56–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier M, Egle D, Himmel I, et al. Impact of nuchal cord on measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;30:197–200. doi:10.1002/uog.4064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasencia W, Lopez P, Esparaza M, Garcia R, Barber MA, Garcia JA. Influence of nuchal cord on ductus venosus assessment at 11 to 3 + 6 weeks’ gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35:263–266. doi:10.1002/uog.7564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petousis S, Margioula-Siarkou C, Mamopoulos A, et al. Does first-trimester nuchal cord affect the blood flow in the ductus venosus? A prospective observational study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31:3115–3118. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.13651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper R, Kidron D, Aviram R, Markovitch O, Hershkovitz R. High incidence of cord entanglement during early pregnancy detected by three-dimensional sonography. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(5):379–382. doi:10.10/s-0028-1110090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PR, Won HS, Chung JY, Shin HJ, Kim A. The variables affecting nuchal skin-fold thickness in mid-trimester. Prenat Diagn. 2003;23(1):60–64. doi:10.1002/pd.522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkavukcu E, Haliloglu N. The effect of nuchal cord on nuchal fold thickness measured in the second trimester. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(2):e23–5. doi:10.1016/j.erad.2010.12.090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergin RH, Yayla M, Ergin AS. Fetal demise to cord entanglement in the early second trimester. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2014;27(2):143–144. doi:10.1080/08998280.2014.11929092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gambir PS, Gupte S, Kamat AD, Patankar A, Kulkarni VD, Phadke MA. Chronic umbilical cord entanglements causing intrauterine fetal demise in the second trimester. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2011;14(3):252–254. doi:10.2350/10-06-0846-CR.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joupilla P, Kirkinen P. Ultrasonic diagnosis of nuchal encirclement by the umbilical cord: a case a methodological report. J Clin Ultrasound. 1982;10(2):59–62. doi:10.1002/jcu.1870100205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JH, Collins CL, Weckwerth SR, De Angelis L. Nuchal cords: timing of prenatal diagnosis and duration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:768. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90337-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranzini AC, Walters CA, Vintzileos AM. Ultrasound diagnosis of nuchal cord; the gray-scale divot sign. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(Pt 2):854.
   Google Scholar
• Verdel MJC, Exalto N. Tight nuchal coiling of the umbilical cord causing fetal death. J Clin Ultrasound. 1994;22:64–66. doi:10.1002/jcu.1870220115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Mawissa C, Peellaerts C, Rodesch F. Nuchal cord in normal third-trimester pregnancy: a color Doppler imaging study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1992;2(6):417–419. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1992.02060417.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan-Ortiz F, Rodriguez-Ontiveros C, Chang-Batiz H, Avila-Vergara MA. Evaluation of ultrasound as a diagnostic test in nuchal encirclement by the umbilical cord during labor. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 1997;65:529–532.
   Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Wang CC, Lau TK, Rogers MS. Color sonography: a useful technique in the identification of nuchal cord during labor. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15(5):413–417. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00113.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Gutierrez G, Estrada Razo S, Chavez Curiel A, Ponce de Leon AL. Color flowmetry values in fetuses with nuchal cord encirclement. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2000;68:401–407.
   Google Scholar
• Askoy U. Prenatal color Doppler sonographic evaluation of nuchal encirclement by the umbilical cord. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;3(9):473–477.
   Google Scholar
• Hanoaka U, Yanagihara T, Tanaka H, Hata T. Comparison of three-dimensional, two dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound in predicting the presence of nuchal cord at birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;19(5):47. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00612.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peregrine E, O’Brien P, Jauniaux E. Ultrasound detection of nuchal cord prior to labor induction and the risk of Cesarean section. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(2):60–64. doi:10.1002/uog.1767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markov D, Milanova K, Dimitrov A, Marinov B, Nikolov A, Ivanov S. Nuchal cord between 37 and 42 completed weeks of gestation – diagnosis and prognostic value. Akush Ginecol (Sofia). 2007;46(7):3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Heifetz SA. Single umbilical artery: a statistical analysis of 237 autopsy cases and review of the literature. Perspect Pediatr Pathol. 1984;8:345–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friebe-Hoffmann U, Hiltmann A, Friedl TWP, et al. Prenatally diagnosed single umbilical artery (SUA) – retrospective analysis of 1169 fetuses. Ultraschall Med. 2019;40(2):221–229. doi:10.1055/s-0043-123463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutvirtz G, Walfisch A, Beharier O, Sheiner E. Isolated single umbilical artery is an independent risk factor for perinatal mortality and adverse outcomes in neonates. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;294(5):931–935. doi:10.1007/s00404-016-4088-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Khoury-Collado F, Dalloul M, et al. Recurrent antepartum compression of a single artery double nuchal cord necessitating cesarean delivery. Am J Perinatol. 2005;22(8):437–440. doi:10.1055/s-2005-916286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghezzi F, Raio L, Di Naro E, Franch M, Balestreri D, D’Addario V. Nomogram of Wharton’s jelly as depicted in the sonographic cross-section of the umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;18(2):121–125. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00468.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of a lean umbilical cord: a simple marker for the fetus at risk of being small for gestational age at birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;3(3):176–180. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13030176.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghezzi RL, Di Naro E, Duwe DG, Cromi A, Scheider H. Umbilical cord morphologic characteristics and umbilical artery Doppler parameters in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22(12):1341–1347. doi:10.7863/jum.2003.22.12.1341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, Franxhi M, Brühwiler H, Lüscher KP. Prenatal assessment of Wharton’s jelly in umbilical cords with single artery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;14(1):42–46. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.14010042.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong TH Jr, Elliott JP, Radin TG. Non-coiled umbilical blood vessels: a new marker for the fetus at risk. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(3):409–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong TH Jr, Jarles DL, Vega JS, Feldman DB. The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(1):29–32. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70378-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong TH Jr, Manriquez-Gilpin MP, Gilpin BG. Umbilical coiling and nuchal entanglement. J Matern Fetal Med. 1996;5(6):359–361. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6661(199611/12)5:6<359::AID-MFM13>3.0.CO;2-C
   Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Sokolovski M, Dalloul M, Khoury-Collado F, Abulafia O. Is fetal cerebral vascular resistance affected by the presence of nuchal cord(s) in the third-trimester of pregnancy? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(5):454–458. doi:10.1002/uog.1874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong TH Jr, Sarno AP, Paul RH. Significance of intraamniotic fluid volume in the presence of nuchal cords. J Reprod Med. 1992;37(8):718–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipitz S, Seidman DS, Gale R, et al. Is fetal growth affected by cord entanglement? J Perinatol. 1993;13(5):385–388.
   Google Scholar
• Carey JC, Rayburn WF. Nuchal cord encirclements and birth weight. J Reprod Med. 2003;48(6):460–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastrobattista JM, Hollier LM, Yeomans ER, et al. Effects of nuchal cord on birthweight and immediate neonatal outcomes. Am J Perinatol. 2005;22(2):83–85. doi:10.1055/s-2005-837737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osak R, Webster KM, Bocking AD, Campbell MK, Richardson BS. Nuchal cord evident at birth impacts on fetal size relative to that of the placenta. Early Hum Dev. 1997;49(3):193–202. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(97)00030-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sornes T. Umbilical cord encirclements and fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(5):725–728. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00258-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bord A, Yagel S, Valsky DV. Overburdened and under nourished. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:324.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoh JK, Sung YM, Park MI. Fetal heart rate parameters and perinatal outcomes in fetuses with nuchal cords. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(2):358–363. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01707.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer DM, Dalloul M, Sabir S, London V, Haughton M, Abulafia O. Persistent quadruple nuchal cord throughout the third trimester associated with decelerating fetal growth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49(3):409–410. doi:10.1002/uog.5940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd AJ, Richardson CJ, Brown JP. Nuchal cord as a cause of fetal anemia. Am J Child Dis. 1985;139:71–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanhaesbrouck P, Vanneste K, de Paeter C, Van Trappen Y, Thiery M. Tight nuchal cord and neonatal hypovolemic shock. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62:1276–1277. doi:10.1136/adc.62.12.1276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Biarge M, Cheong JL, Diez-Sebastian J, Mercuri E, Dubowitz LM, Cowan FM. Risk factors for neonatal arterial ischemic stroke: the importance of the intrapartum period. J Pediatr. 2016;173:62–68.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Geng Q, Knog F, Ning Y. Quantitative analysis of tightness of nuchal cord and its relationship with fetal intrauterine distress. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(10):17507–17514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilu G, Falco P, Guazzarini M, Sandri F, Bovicelli L. Sonographic demonstration of nuchal cord and abnormal umbilical artery waveform heralding fetal distress. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;12(2):125–127. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.12020125.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghi T, D’Emidio L, Morandi R, Casadio P, Pilu G, Pelusi G. Nuchal cord entanglement and outcome of labor induction. J Prenat Med. 2007;1(4):57–60.
   Google Scholar
• Flamm BL. Tight nuchal cord and shoulder dystocia: a potentially catastrophic complication. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(5 Pt 2):853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlitz Y, Ben-Sholomo I, Ben-Ami M. Acute polyhydramnios in term pregnancy may be caused by multiple nuchal cord loops. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35(2):253–254. doi:10.1002/uog.7543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kouatly HB, Schuster SS, Skupski DW. Double nuchal umbilical cord and breech presentation. The value of close follow up. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2003;56(3):121–123. doi:10.1159/000073370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boujenah J, Fleury C, Pharisien I, et al. Cord accident after external cephalic version: reality or mostly myth? Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2017;45(1):9–14. doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2016.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miser WF. Outcome of infants born with nuchal cords. J Family Pract. 1992;34(4):44–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheiner E, Abramowicz JS, Levy A, Silberstein T, Mazor M, Hershkovitz R. Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274(2):81–83. doi:10.1007/s00404-005-0110-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hankins GD, Synder RR, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Hammond T. Nuchal cord and neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:687–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh GS, Gudmundsson S. Nuchal cord in post-term pregnancy – relationship to suspected intrapartum fetal distress indicating operative intervention. J Perinat Med. 2008;36(2):142–144. doi:10.1515/JPM.2008.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson JD, Rayburn WF, Crosby S, Thirnau GR. Multiple cord entanglements and intrapartum complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:1228–1231. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)91359-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Ramsay B, Peellaerts C, Scholler Y. Perinatal features of pregnancies complicated by nuchal cord. Am J Perinatol. 1995;12(4):225–228. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber H, Daykan Y, Arbib N, Markovitch O, Berkovitz A, Biron-Shental T. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple nuchal cord loops. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;300(2):279–283. doi:10.10017s000404-019-05178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariya T, Fujibe Y, Shinkai S, et al. Multiple part cord entanglement and neonatal outcomes. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;57(5):672–676. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2018.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Önderglu LS, Dursun P, Durukan T. Perinatal features and umbilical cord blood gases in newborns complicated with nuchal cord. Turk J Pediatr. 2008;50:466–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepulveda W. Antenatal course and perinatal outcome after ultrasound detection of triple nuchal cord: a case series. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;16:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp JF 3rd, Lopez B, Simonean S. Nuchal cord and neurodevelopmental performance at 1 year. J Soc Investig. 1999;6(5):268–272.
   Google Scholar
• MacLennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J. Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):779–788. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson KB, Grether JK. Potentially asphyxiating conditions and spastic cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:507–513. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70387-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen LE, Schendel D, Grove J, et al. Asphyxia-related risk factors and their timing in spastic cerebral palsy. BJOG. 2008;115(12):1518–1528. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.0896.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood C, Impey L. The association of nuchal cord with cerebral palsy is influenced by recording bias. Early Hum Dev. 2002;68(1):15–19. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00005-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutvirtz G, Wainstock T, Massad R, Landau D, Sheiner E. Does nuchal cord at birth increase the risk for cerebral palsy? Early Hum Dev. 2019;33:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz ME, Bass WT, White LE. Dural sinus ectasia after prolonged nuchal cord. J Ultrasound Med. 1992;11:289–292. doi:10.7863/jum.1992.11.6.289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz AA, Strizke A. Giant transient dural sinus dilatation with neonatal cord. Pediatr Neonatol. 2019;60:346–347. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butenandt O, Vogl T, Stemmler J. Magnetic resonance tomography studies of the hypophysis in children born with umbilical cord entanglement. Clin Pediatr. 1996;208:26–28.
   Google Scholar