Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Community Pharmacists in Relation to Dispensing Antibiotics Without Prescription in Sudan: A Cross-sectional Study

References

• Dadgostar P. Antimicrobial resistance: implications and costs. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:3903. doi:10.2147/IDR.S234610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill J. Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Control CfD, Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013; 2013. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html. Accessed March 18, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pourmand A, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Jasani G, May L. Emerging trends in antibiotic resistance: implications for emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(8):1172–1176. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MU, Hassali MAA, Ahmad A, Elkalmi RM, Zaidi STR, Dhingra S. Perceptions and practices of community pharmacists towards antimicrobial stewardship in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berhe DF, Beyene GT, Seyoum B, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical implications in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/s13756-021-00965-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belachew SA, Hall L, Selvey LA. Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotic agents among community drug retail outlets in Sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10(1):1–15. doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00880-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Geneva. Antibiotic resistance: World Health Organization Geneva; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Rather IA, Kim B-C, Bajpai VK, Park Y-H. Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: crisis, current challenges, and prevention. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2017;24(4):808–812. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox. How miracle drugs are destroying the miracle; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Cars O, Nordberg P. Antibiotic resistance–The faceless threat. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2005;17(3, 4):103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Lescure D, Paget J, Schellevis F, Van Dijk L. Determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in European and Anglo-Saxon countries: a systematic review of the literature. Front Public Health. 2018;6:370. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhomoud F, Aljamea Z, Almahasnah R, Alkhalifah K, Basalelah L, Alhomoud FK. Self-medication and self-prescription with antibiotics in the Middle East—do they really happen? A systematic review of the prevalence, possible reasons, and outcomes. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;57:3–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. A cross-sectional national survey of community pharmacy staff: knowledge and antibiotic provision. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215484. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim AMA, Hamed FHM. Exploring health insurance services in Sudan from the perspectives of insurers. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:2050312117752298. doi:10.1177/2050312117752298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad AI, Eltayeb IB, Capps PA. Self-medication practices in Khartoum state, Sudan. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(4):317–324. doi:10.1007/s00228-006-0107-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad A, Eltayeb I, Thalib L, Matowe L. Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;8(2):326–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim AM, Elgizoli B. Exploring the reasons why pharmacists dispense antibiotics without prescriptions in Khartoum state, Sudan. Int J Pharm Pract. 2017;25(1):59–65. doi:10.1111/ijpp.12317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud MA, Aldhaeefi M, Sheikh A, Aljadhey H. Community pharmacists perspectives about reasons behind antibiotics dispensing without prescription: a qualitative study. Biomed Res. 2018;29(21). doi:10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-18-1112
   Google Scholar
• Galero-Tejero E. A Simplified Approach to Thesis and Dissertation Writing. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store; 2011:43–44.
   Google Scholar
• El-din M Z, Samy F, Mohamed A, Hamdy F, Yasser S, Ehab M. Egyptian community pharmacists’ attitudes and practices towards antibiotic dispensing and antibiotic resistance; a cross-sectional survey in Greater Cairo. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(6):939–946. doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1544119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns KE, Duffett M, Kho ME, et al. A guide for the design and conduct of self-administered surveys of clinicians. CMAJ. 2008;179(3):245–252. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyongo BP, Sangeda RZ. Pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania: an explorative cross-sectional study. Pharmacy. 2020;8(4):238. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abubakar U, Tangiisuran B. Knowledge and practices of community pharmacists towards non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics in Northern Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42(2):756–764. doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01019-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santa-Ana-Tellez Y, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Dreser A, Leufkens HG, Wirtz VJ. Impact of over-the-counter restrictions on antibiotic consumption in Brazil and Mexico. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75550. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavestrello L. trends of community consumption of antibiotics in Chile. Rev Med Chile. 2002;130(11):1265–1272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadi MA, Karami NA, Al-Muwalid AS, et al. Community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:95–100. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhada A, Eltayeb IB, Mudawi MM. Pattern of self-medication with antibiotics in Khartoum State, Sudan. World J Pharm Res. 2014;3(5):678–692.
   Google Scholar
• Yousif M. In-home drug storage and utilization habits: a Sudanese study. East Mediterr Health J. 2002;8(2–3):422–431. doi:10.26719/2002.8.2-3.422
   PubMedGoogle Scholar