Spontaneous Pneumorachis – A Case-Based Review

References

• Kirkham J, Schiers KA. Pneumorrhachis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2016;116(2):119. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2016.027
   Google Scholar
• Song Y, Tu L, Wu J. Pneumorrhachis with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2009;48(18):1713–1714. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkan S, Yıldız OO, Ünlü İ, Karaoğlanoğlu N. Progressive subcutaneous emphysema. A rare finding: pneumorrhachis. Respir Med Case Rep. 2017;22:57–59. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.04.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel MF, Korinth MC, Reinges MHT, Krings T, Terbeck S, Gilsbach JM. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of pneumorrhachis. Eur Spine J off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2006;15(Suppl 5):636–643. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0160-6
   Google Scholar
• Martins L, Dionísio P, Moreira S, Manique A, Correia I, Bárbara C. An unusual association in an uncommon disease: two cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with pneumorrhachis. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2016;2016:5092157. doi:10.1155/2016/5092157
   Google Scholar
• Ripley DP, Wilson EJ, Meller MT, Cowlam S. Pneumorrhachis: a rare complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2009;26(5):566–567. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02703.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn K, Johnson R, Krueger EM, Seibly JM. Pneumorrhachis after an upper respiratory infection: a case report of a rare phenomenon. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7784. doi:10.7759/cureus.7784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J, Hsu E, Flamer-Caldera A, Ferrabolli YJ. The special k constellation, a rare presentation of ketamine use: a case report. Cureus. 2019;11(5):e4766. doi:10.7759/cureus.4766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen VM, Støving RK, Andersen PE. Anorexia nervosa with massive pulmonary air leak and extraordinary propagation. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(4):451–453. doi:10.1002/eat.22674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemann MJ. [Valsalva-induced subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumorrhachis in a young man]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2019;181(9):458. Danish.
   Google Scholar
• Germino JC, Medverd JR, Nguyen VT, Favinger JL, Marder CP. Craniocervical hyperpneumatization with concurrent pneumorrhachis, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema in a weightlifter. Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc. 2013;13(10):e47–53. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C-H. Pneumorrhachis and paraspinal air with vacuum disc: case report and literature review. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2007;42(6):490–491. doi:10.3340/jkns.2007.42.6.490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navriya SC, Kumar S, Mittal A, Bhirud DP. Pneumorrhachis in emphysematous pyelonephritis: a rare finding in an uncontrolled diabetic patient. Indian J Urol IJU J Urol Soc India. 2021;37(1):97–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez CA, Vela-Duarte D, Veldkamp PJ. Infectious pneumorrhachis due to emphysematous pyelonephritis. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(11):1374–1375. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto N, Takegawa R, Seki M, et al. Pneumorachis associated with multiorgan infection due to Citrobacter koseri. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;77(4):370–372. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schömig B, Seliger C, Schulte-Mattler W, et al. Clinical reasoning: pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis in a 67-year-old man. Neurology. 2016;86(21):e218–221. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan PS, Al Maslamani NJ, Purayil NK. Rare case of pneumorrhachis, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and surgical emphysema secondary to bronchial asthma. Int Med Case Rep J. 2014;7:35–39. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S60050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saleem N, Parveen S, Odigwe C, Iroegbu N. Pneumomediastinum, pneumorrhachis, and subcutaneous emphysema in Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in AIDS. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2016;29(2):188–190. doi:10.1080/08998280.2016.11929412
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonseca AZ, Santin S, Ribeiro M. Spontaneous pneumorrhachis. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(12):2465.e3–2465.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.06.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan P, Das S, Bhattacharyya C. Epidural pneumorrhachis consequent to Hamman syndrome. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2017;8(1):118–119. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.193525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacoangeli M, Di Rienzo A, Fianchini A, et al. Acute tension pneumocephalus secondary to whole spine pneumorrhachis as an unusual presentation of a colon cancer complicated by a transsacral cerebrospinal fluid leak. J Clin Neurosci off J Neurosurg Soc Australas. 2013;20(3):469–471.
   Google Scholar
• Tafreshi A, Liew MS, Yap LP, Azad A. Malignant enterocutaneous fistula complicated by pneumorrhachis. Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc. 2012;12(12):1161–1162. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.09.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-H, Cho JH, Hyun S-J, Yoon SH, Kim K-J, Kim H-J. Symptomatic gas-containing herniated disc with the vacuum phenomenon: mechanism and treatment. Case Report Neurol Med Chir. 2012;52(2):106–108. doi:10.2176/nmc.52.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaran SP, Gupta K, Singh SS. A rare association of spontaneous pneumorrhachis with spondylolisthesis and lumbosacral vacuum phenomenon: a case report with review of literature. Neurol India. 2011;59(1):120–121. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.76893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit A, Toll EC, Siddique S, Nelson RJ. Pneumorrhachis with pneumocranium: an unusual complication of intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25(1):111–112. doi:10.3109/02688697.2010.500420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel MF, Korinth MC, Reinges MHT, Gilsbach JM. Pneumorrhachis of the entire spinal canal. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):1036. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.044636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song K-J, Lee K-B. Spontaneous extradural pneumorrhachis causing cervical myelopathy. Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc. 2009;9(2):e16–18. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2008.01.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moayedi S, Babin L. Pneumorrhachis Secondary to a Sacral Decubitus Ulcer. West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(4):466–468. doi:10.5811/westjem.2016.4.30296
   Google Scholar
• Kazimirko DN, Parker EE, Joyner DA, et al. An unusual cause of acute headache: subarachnoid free air secondary to spontaneous bronchopleurodurosubarachnoid fistula from a Pancoast tumor. Radiol Case Rep. 2016;11(3):238–241. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2016.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Gordon IJ, Hardman DR. The traumatic pneumomyelogram. A previously undescribed entity. Neuroradiology. 1977;13(2):107–108. doi:10.1007/BF00339843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold RG, Wiener MD, Vogler JB, Martinez S. Traumatic pneumorrhachis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148(3):615–616. doi:10.2214/ajr.148.3.615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drevelengas A, Kalaitzoglou I, Petridis A. Pneumorrhachis associated with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Eur J Radiol. 1994;18(2):122–123. doi:10.1016/0720-048X(94)90277-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaichana KL, Pradilla G, Witham TF, Gokaslan ZL, Bydon A. The clinical significance of pneumorachis: a case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2010;68(3):736–744. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c46dd3
   Google Scholar
• Miguel R, Morse S, Murtagh R. Epidural air associated with multiradicular syndrome. Anesth Analg. 1991;73(1):92–94. doi:10.1213/00000539-199107000-00018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalens B, Bazin JE, Haberer JP. Epidural bubbles as a cause of incomplete analgesia during epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1987;66(7):679–683. doi:10.1213/00000539-198707000-00021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drolet S, Gagné J-P, Langis P. Spontaneous pneumorrhachis associated with pneumomediastinum in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis: an exceptional manifestation of a benign disease. Can J Surg J Can Chir. 2007;50(3):225–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvati F, Signora M, Pedicelli G. [Revisiting iatrogenic damage in pneumology past and current implications compared]. Clin Ter. 2012;163(4):e233–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eesa M, Kandpal H, Sharma R, Misra A. Spontaneous pneumorrhachis in bronchial asthma. Acta Radiol Stockh Swed. 2006;47(7):672–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Goldman Y. A rare case of Pneumopericardium secondary to COVID-19. Heart Lung J Crit Care. 2020;49(6):679–680. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal A, Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Noreldin M. Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: rare Complication of Tracheomalacia. Arch Bronconeumol. 2020;56(3):185–186. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2019.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra AK, Sahu KK, James A. Disseminated herpes zoster following treatment with benralizumab. Clin Respir J. 2019;13(3):189–191. doi:10.1111/crj.12998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papiris S, Kotanidou A, Malagari K, Roussos C. Clinical review: severe asthma. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2002;6(1):30–44. doi:10.1186/cc1451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra V, Garg N, Mrigpuri P. Spontaneous pneumopericardium an unusual complication in a patient of HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis. Lung India off Organ Indian Chest Soc. 2013;30(2):148–150. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.110425
   Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Sherif AA, Mishra AK, Vyas S, George SV. Perineal ulcer: a rare cause of extensive subcutaneous emphysema. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(4):e229918. doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-229918
   Google Scholar
• Defouilloy C, Galy C, Lobjoie E, Strunski V, Ossart M. Epidurual pneumatosis: a benign complication of benign pneumomediastinum. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(10):1806–1807. doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08101806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal A, Mishra AK, Sahu KK. Prevention of early ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1671–1672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Mishra A, Naraghi L. Erythema ab igne as a complication of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(1):154. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-227836
   Google Scholar
• Hazouard E, Koninck JC, Attucci S, Fauchier-Rolland F, Brunereau L, Diot P. Pneumorachis and pneumomediastinum caused by repeated Müller’s maneuvers: complications of marijuana smoking. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(6):694–697. doi:10.1067/mem.2001.118016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ould-Slimane M, Ettori M-A, Lazennec J-Y, Pascal-Moussellard H, Catonne Y, Rousseau M-A. Pneumorachis: a possible source of traumatic cord compression. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR. 2010;96(7):825–828. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2010.03.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel V, Raval G, Gavadia K. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumorrhachis as complications of common flu. Am J Case Rep. 2012;13:198–201. doi:10.12659/AJCR.883332
   Google Scholar
• Stack AM, Caputo GL. Pneumomediastinum in childhood asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(2):98–101. doi:10.1097/00006565-199604000-00008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeder M, Ullmer E. Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax as a complication of cocaine smoking. Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis. 2003;70(4):407.
   Google Scholar
• Burgwardt S, Huskic A, Schwartz G, Mason DP, Tapias L, Podgaetz E. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum secondary to electronic cigarette use. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2020;33(2):229–230. doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1717407
   Google Scholar
• Burton EM, Riggs W, Kaufman RA, Houston CS. Pneumomediastinum caused by foreign body aspiration in children. Pediatr Radiol. 1989;20(1–2):45–47. doi:10.1007/BF02010632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engum SA, Grosfeld JL, West KW, Rescorla FJ, Scherer LR, Vaughan WG. Improved survival in children with esophageal perforation. Arch Surg Chic Ill. 1996;131(6):604–610. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430180030005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forshaw MJ, Khan AZ, Strauss DC, Botha AJ, Mason RC. Vomiting-induced pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema does not always indicate Boerhaave’s syndrome: report of six cases. Surg Today. 2007;37(10):888–892. doi:10.1007/s00595-006-3493-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford AD, Ashkan K, Elborn S. Clinically significant pulmonary barotrauma after inflation of party balloons. BMJ. 1996;313(7072):1619. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada K, Shinmoto H, Hamamoto M, et al. Pneumonia induced by swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) infection: chest computed tomography findings in children. Jpn J Radiol. 2011;29(10):712–717. doi:10.1007/s11604-011-0620-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Mishra A, Patel R, Suramaethakul N. A challenging case of esophageal perforation. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis Arch Monaldi Mal Torace. 2021;91(1):548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal A, Mishra AK, Sahu KK. Vitamin E Acetate and E-Cigarette or Vaping Product-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI): an Update. Am J Med. 2020;133(5):e204. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Patel R, Suramaethakul N, Abraham G. Fungal empyema thoracis. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians. 2020;113(11):823–824. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns J, Roby A, Jaconelli T. Pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumorrhachis following cocaine insufflation: a case report. Acute Med. 2020;19(3):154–158. doi:10.52964/AMJA.0820
   Google Scholar
• Atmaca Temrel T, Şener A, Içme F, et al. Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum, and Pneumorrhachis after Cocaine Inhalation. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2015;2015:134816. doi:10.1155/2015/134816
   Google Scholar
• Bally K, Leikin S, Margetis K, Reynolds AS. Extensive Pneumorrhachis After Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:392–395. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobashi Y, Okimoto N, Matsushima T, Soejima R. Comparative study of mediastinal emphysema as determined by etiology. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2002;41(4):277–282. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.41.277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy P, Kale SB, Subramaniam S, Giridhar K. Recurrent spontaneous pneumomediastinum with concurrent pneumorrhachis: a rare clinical entity. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(4):e155–7. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.10.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macia I, Moya J, Ramos R, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg off J Eur Assoc Cardio Thorac Surg. 2007;31(6):1110–1114. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao P-Y, Wang H-J. Teenager with chest pain and swollen neck: a leave-it-alone condition. Thorax. 2015;70(7):707–708. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H-W, Liao P-A. Young man with acute chest pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(1):e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanu O, Teleb M, Agrawal H, Cashin LB. Cocaine-related subcutaneous emphysema, pneumorrhachis and pneumomediastinum: a rare clinical finding. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:485.
   Google Scholar
• Radhika Nair K, Kumar UK, Shetty B, Joseph S, Jameela S. Hamman’s Syndrome - in Young Asthmatic Female. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018;66(4):70–72.
   Google Scholar
• Pangtey GS, Das CJ, Javan N. Airlessness in airspace. Simultaneous occurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax with pneumomediastinum and pneumorrhachis: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38(1):49–51. doi:10.1007/s00595-007-3556-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahni S, Verma S, Grullon J, Esquire A, Patel P, Talwar A. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: time for consensus. North Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(8):460–464. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.117296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahu KK, Sanamandra P, Jeyaraman P, et al. Unusual cause of cord compression - a pressing issue for neurosurgeons. World Neurosurg. 2016;92:565–567. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.04.061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales GR, Payne R, Portenoy RK, Foley KM. Epidural air from a bronchopleural-epidural-cutaneous fistula producing reversible myelopathy and radiculopathy symptoms. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2409–2410. doi:10.1212/WNL.44.12.2409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Basaula NP, Lal A. Letter to the Editor Regarding “Management of spinal emergencies in patients on direct oral anticoagulants.”. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:446. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Rapose A, Bhandari B, et al. Letter to the Editor Regarding “Craniocervical Osteoradionecrosis Treated with Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Hyperbaric Oxygen in Combination with Posterior Spinal Fusion.”. World Neurosurg. 2019;129:541–543. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willing SJ. Epidural pneumatosis: a benign entity in trauma patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12(2):345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu KK, Chastain I. A rare case of holocord spinal epidural abscess. QJM Mon J Assoc Physicians. 2020;113(4):302–303. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcz291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eroglu U, Yakar F, Zaimoglu M, Ozates O, Ozgural O, Ugur HC. Pneumorrhachis. Asian J Neurosurg. 2016;11(2):172–173. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.175641
   Google Scholar
• Amara B, Boujraf S, Benzagmout M, Labib S, Harandou M. Spontaneous pneumorrhachis and transverse myelitis complicating purulent meningitis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2013;5(4):179–182. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.122019
   Google Scholar
• Ramses Bedolla-Pulido T, Bedolla-Barajas M, González-Mendoza T, Hollyver Sánchez-Uribe E, Delgado-Figueroa N, León-García S. Epidural pneumorrhachis, a rare complication of asthma exacerbation. J Asthma off J Assoc Care Asthma. 2019;56(12):1356–1359. doi:10.1080/02770903.2018.1539101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng L, Saul T, Lewiss RE. Sonographic evidence of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(2):462.e3–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisa N, Moh’d H, Alraiyes AH, Shaheen K, Kheir F. Spontaneous epidural air entrapment. Ochsner J. 2014;14(2):240–243.
   Google Scholar
• Goh BKP, Yeo AWY. Traumatic pneumorrhachis. J Trauma. 2005;58(4):875–879. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000158249.77176.9A
   Google Scholar
• Lerner EJ, Bilaniuk LT. Spontaneous bronchial-subarachnoid fistula: an unusual cause of pneumocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989;10(5 Suppl):S103.
   Google Scholar
• Valiyakath D, Al Busaidi T, Al Shamsi S, Al Sawafi Y. Pneumorrhachis with Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: should It Raise Special Concerns? Oman Med J. 2018;33(3):256–259. doi:10.5001/omj.2018.47
   Google Scholar
• Al-Mufarrej F, Gharagozloo F, Tempesta B, Margolis M. Spontaneous cervicothoracolumbar pneumorrhachis, pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum. Clin Respir J. 2009;3(4):239–243. doi:10.1111/j.1752-699X.2008.00116.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman AJ, Mohseni M, Villanueva A, Cowart JB, Graham CG. Concurrent Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum and Pneumorrhachis. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(6):e117–20. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.02.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochhegger B, Irion KL, Hochhegger D, Santos CSP, Marchiori E. Pneumorrhachis as a complication of bronchial asthma: computed tomography findings. Radiol Bras. 2018;51(4):268. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0228
   Google Scholar
• Shafqat A, Magableh HMF, Shafqat S, et al. Pneumorrhachis causing cauda equina syndrome: a case report and literature review. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2020;51(212). doi:10.1186/s43055-020-00330-y
   Google Scholar
• Dai H, Richter KP. A national survey of marijuana use among US adults with medical conditions, 2016–2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(9):e1911936. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anastasi M, Birkenmaier C, Schmidt GP, Wegener B, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A. Correlation between vacuum phenomenon on CT and fluid on MRI in degenerative disks. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(5):1182–1189. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.6359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar