References
- Emmett-OglesbyMWMathisDAMoonRTLalHAnimal models of drug withdrawal symptomsPsychopharmacology19901012923091972994
- MeehanWJAdelmanSAOpioid abuse Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287790-overviewAccessed September 21, 2010
- TomkinsDMSellersEMAddiction and the brain: The role of neurotransmitters in the cause and treatment of drug dependenceCan Med Assoc J200116481782111276551
- WilliamsJTChristieMJManzoniOCellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependencePhysiol Rev20018129934311152760
- LittleHJThe role of calcium channels in drug dependenceDrug Alcohol Depend1995381731947671768
- PucilowskiOPsychopharmacological properties of calcium channel inhibitorsPsychopharmacology199210912291365644
- HarrisRAYamamotoHLohHHWayELDiscrete changes in brain calcium with morphine analgesia, tolerance, dependence and abstinenceLife Sci197720501506557160
- BhargavaHNThe effects of divalent ions on morphine analgesia and abstinence syndrome in morphine tolerant and dependent micePsychopharmacology197857223225418458
- RamkumarVEl-FakahanyEEIncrease in 3H-nitrendipine binding sites in the brain in morphine tolerant miceEur J Pharmacol19841023713726090166
- HarrisRALohHHWayELAntinociceptive effects of lanthanum and cerium in non tolerant and morphine tolerant dependent miceJ Pharmacol Exp Ther1976196288297176345
- YamamotoHHarrisRALohHHWayELEffects of acute and chronic morphine treatments on calcium localization and binding in brainJ Pharmacol Exp Ther1978205255264565404
- YanoITakemoriAEInhibition by naloxone of tolerance and dependence in mice treated acutely and chronically with morphineRes Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol19771672173416322
- AbdelhamidEESultanaMPortoghesePSTakemoriAESelective blockade of σ opioid receptors prevents the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in miceJ Pharmacol Exp Ther19912582993031649297
- SiegelSCastellanNJNonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral SciencesNew York, NYMcGraw-Hill1988
- BaeyensJMEspositoEOssowskaGSamaninREffects of peripheral and central administration of calcium channel blockers on the naloxone precipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine dependent ratsEur J Pharmacol19871379133609136
- AnsariMAMemonZAhmedSPAliMComparison of the efficacy and safety of chlorpromazine with verapamil for the treatment of acute opioid abstinence syndromePak J Med Sci200925641645
- KishiokaSInoueNNishidaSFukunagaYYamamotoHDiltiazem inhibits naloxone-precipitated and spontaneous morphine withdrawal in ratsEur J Pharmacol19963167148982643
- ColadoMIAlfaroMJLopezFDel ValVMartinMIEffect of nimodipine, diltiazem and BAY K 8644 on the behavioural and neurochemical changes associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in the rat. A comparison with clonidineGen Pharmacol19932435417683298
- TokuyamaSHoIKEffects of diltiazem, a Ca2+ channel blocker, on naloxone-precipitated changes in dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of opioid-dependent ratsPsychopharmacology19961251351408783387
- TokuyamaSHoIKInhibitory effects of diltiazem, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, on naloxone-increased glutamate levels in the locus coeruleus of opioid-dependent ratsBrain Res19967222122168813371
- CaroGBarriosMBaeyensJMDose dependent and stereoselective antagonism by diltiazem of naloxone precipitated morphine abstinence after acute morphine-dependance in in vivo and in vitroLife Sci198843152315273193844
- BarriosMBaeyensJMDifferential effects of L type calcium channel blockers and stimulants on naloxone precipitated withdrawal in mice actually dependent on morphinePsychopharmacology19911043974031718013
- VitchevaVMitchevaMEffects of nifedipine on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats after multiple morphine administrationMethods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol20042663163415605124
- RabbaniMDehkordiAJAhmadiAAcute and chronic effects of nitrendipine on naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in miceIran J Pharm Res20042109114
- BongianniFCarlaVMoroniFPellegriniGiampietroDECalcium channel inhibitors suppress the morphine withdrawal syndrome in ratsBr J Pharmacol1986885615673017487
- MahaniSEFathiYMotamediFHosseinpanahFAhmadianiAL-type calcium channel blockade attenuates morphine withdrawal: In vivo interaction between L-type calcium channels and corticosteroneHorm Behav20085335135718177874
- DogrulAZaglıUTulunayFCThe role of T-type calcium channels in morphine analgesia, development of antinociceptive tolerance and dependence to morphine, and morphine abstinence syndromeLife Sci20027172573412072160
- HarrisRALohHHWayELEffect of divalent ions, cation chelators and ionophores on morphine analgesia and toleranceJ Pharmacol Exp Ther19751954884981195132
- BialaGWeglinskaBBlockade of the expression of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal by calcium channel antagonistsPharmacol Res20055148348815749464
- BialaGWeglinskaBOn the mechanism of cross-tolerance between morphine- and nicotine-induced antinociception: Involvement of calcium channelsProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry200630152116202496
- StandaertDGYoungABTreatment of central nervous system degenerative disordersBruntonLLLazoJSParkerKLGoodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics11th edNew YorkMcGraw Hill2006533543
- HarveyRAChampePCFinkelRCubedduLXClarkMLippincott’s Illustrated Reviews in Pharmacology4th edNew YorkLippincott Williams & Wilkins20096869
- Martinez-PiñeroMGMilanésMVVargasMLModulation by catecholamine of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity in morphine-tolerance and withdrawalGen Pharmacol1994251871928026704
- Martinez-PiñeroMGVargasMLMilanésMVL-type Ca2+ channel ligands modulate morphine effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in ratsEur J Pharmacol19932321911987682178
- TangLShuklaPKWangLXWangZJReversal of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and dependence by the acute supraspinal inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIJ Pharmacol Exp Ther200631790190916505162