Experimental Pharmacological Management of Psoriasis

References

• Lanna C, Mancini M, Gaziano R, et al. Skin Immunity and Its Dysregulation in Psoriasis. Cell Cycle. 2019;18:2581–2589. doi:10.1080/15384101.2019.1653099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picciani BLS, Domingos TA, Teixeira-Souza T, Santos VDCBD. Geographic Tongue and Psoriasis: clinical, Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Genetic Correlation - a Literature Review. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91:410–421. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rønholt K, Iversen L. Old and New Biological Therapies for Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(11):2297. doi:10.3390/ijms18112297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Xia J. Treatment of Psoriasis: janus Kinases Inhibitors and Biologics for the Interleukin-23/Th17 Axis. Minerva Med. 2020;111:254–265. doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06460-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balato A, Campione E, Cirillo T, Malara G, Trifirò C, Bianchi L. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in Psoriatic Arthritis: focus on Skin Manifestations and Special Populations. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13440. doi:10.1111/dth.13440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanna C, Cesaroni GM, Mazzilli S, et al. Apremilast as a Target Therapy for Nail Psoriasis: a Real-Life Observational Study Proving Its Efficacy in Restoring the Nail Unit. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020;1–5. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1801976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanna C, Cesaroni GM, Mazzilli S, Bianchi L, Campione E Small Molecules, Big Promises: improvement of Psoriasis Severity and Glucidic Markers with Apremilast: a Case Report. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/small-molecules-big-promises-improvement-of-psoriasis-severity-and-glu-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO. Accessed December 31, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzilli S, Lanna C, Chiaramonte C, et al. Real Life Experience of Apremilast in Psoriasis and Arthritis Psoriatic Patients: preliminary Results on Metabolic Biomarkers. J Dermatol. 2020. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanna C, Cesaroni GM, Mazzilli S, et al. Nails as Immune-Privileged Sites: a Case of Disabling Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau Successfully Treated with Apremilast. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32:e12946. doi:10.1111/dth.12946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira M, Puig L, Torres T. JAK Inhibitors for Treatment of Psoriasis: focus on Selective TYK2 Inhibitors. Drugs. 2020;80:341–352. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01261-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan S-H, Mancini G, Gallagher G. Identification and Characterization of Multiple Splice Forms of the Human Interleukin-23 Receptor Alpha Chain in Mitogen-Activated Leukocytes. Genes Immun. 2008;9:631–639. doi:10.1038/gene.2008.64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskoski R. Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors in the Treatment of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:784–803. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, Ward M, Gadina M, O’Shea JJJAK. Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Immune and Inflammatory Diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16:843–862. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea JJ, Schwartz DM, Villarino AV, Gadina M, McInnes IB, The LA. JAK-STAT Pathway: impact on Human Disease and Therapeutic Intervention. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:311–328. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-051113-024537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Laurence A, Kanno Y, et al. Selective Regulatory Function of Socs3 in the Formation of IL-17-Secreting T Cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:8137–8142. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600666103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XO, Panopoulos AD, Nurieva R, et al. STAT3 Regulates Cytokine-Mediated Generation of Inflammatory Helper T Cells. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:9358–9363. doi:10.1074/jbc.C600321200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Gordon K, Thaçi D, et al. Phase 2 Trial of Selective Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition in Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1313–1321. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1806382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Xu S, Ding K. Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) Allosteric Inhibitors To Treat Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem. 2019;62:8951–8952. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimoto A, Ogawa Y, Oki C, et al. Pharmacological Properties of JTE-052: a Novel Potent JAK Inhibitor That Suppresses Various Inflammatory Responses in Vitro and in Vivo. Inflamm Res. 2015;64:41–51. doi:10.1007/s00011-014-0782-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimoto A, Shinozaki Y, Yamamoto Y, et al. A Novel JAK Inhibitor JTE-052 Reduces Skin Inflammation and Ameliorates Chronic Dermatitis in Rodent Models: comparison with Conventional Therapeutic Agents. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27:22–29. doi:10.1111/exd.13370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amano W, Nakajima S, Kunugi H, et al. The Janus Kinase Inhibitor JTE-052 Improves Skin Barrier Function through Suppressing Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:667–677.e7. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison MS, Nagy SR. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Structurally Diverse Exogenous and Endogenous Chemicals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;43:309–334. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockinger B, Di Meglio P, Gialitakis M, Duarte JH. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: multitasking in the Immune System. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:403–432. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furue M, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Tsuji G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(21):5424. doi:10.3390/ijms20215424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Chen J, Lin Y, et al. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Cutaneous Vascular Endothelial Cells Restricts Psoriasis Development by Negatively Regulating Neutrophil Recruitment. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140:1233–1243.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez J-M, Brembilla NC, Sorg O, et al. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Reveals Distinct Requirements for IL-22 and IL-17 Production by Human T Helper Cells. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40:2450–2459. doi:10.1002/eji.201040461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SH, Jayawickreme C, Rickard DJ, et al. Tapinarof Is a Natural AhR Agonist That Resolves Skin Inflammation in Mice and Humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:2110–2119. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson WH, Schmidt TM, Nealson KH. Identification of an Anthraquinone Pigment and a Hydroxystilbene Antibiotic from Xenorhabdus Luminescens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988;54:1602–1605. doi:10.1128/aem.54.6.1602-1605.1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang L, Yang X, Liang Y, Xie H, Dai Z, Zheng G. Transcription Factor Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor Γt: a Promising Target for the Treatment of Psoriasis. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y-W, Deftos ML, Ojala EW, Bevan MJ. RORγt, a Novel Isoform of an Orphan Receptor, Negatively Regulates Fas Ligand Expression and IL-2 Production in T Cells. Immunity. 1998;9:797–806. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80645-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medvedev A, Chistokhina A, Hirose T, Jetten AM. Genomic Structure and Chromosomal Mapping of the Nuclear Orphan Receptor ROR Gamma (RORC) Gene. Genomics. 1997;46:93–102. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villey I, de Chasseval R, de Villartay JP. RORgammaT, a Thymus-Specific Isoform of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORgamma/TOR, Is up-Regulated by Signaling through the Pre-T Cell Receptor and Binds to the TEA Promoter. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:4072–4080. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199912)29:12<4072::aid-immu4072>3.0.CO;2-E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberl G, Littman DR. The Role of the Nuclear Hormone Receptor RORgammat in the Development of Lymph Nodes and Peyer’s Patches. Immunol Rev. 2003;195:81–90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00074.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov II, McKenzie BS, Zhou L, et al. The Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORgammat Directs the Differentiation Program of Proinflammatory IL-17+ T Helper Cells. Cell. 2006;126:1121–1133. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borodzicz S, Rudnicka L, Mirowska-Guzel D, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The Role of Epidermal Sphingolipids in Dermatologic Diseases. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:13. doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0178-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel GT, Maceyka M, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Targeting the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Axis in Cancer, Inflammation and Beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12:688–702. doi:10.1038/nrd4099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause A, D’Ambrosio D, Dingemanse J. Modeling Clinical Efficacy of the S1P Receptor Modulator Ponesimod in Psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;89:136–145. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyster JG, Schwab SR. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Lymphocyte Egress from Lymphoid Organs. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:69–94. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew WS, Wang W, Herr DR. To Fingolimod and beyond: the Rich Pipeline of Drug Candidates That Target S1P Signaling. Pharmacol Res. 2016;113:521–532. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piali L, Froidevaux S, Hess P, et al. The Selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Agonist Ponesimod Protects against Lymphocyte-Mediated Tissue Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;337:547–556. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.176487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji M, Xue N, Lai F, et al. Validating a Selective S1P1 Receptor Modulator Syl930 for Psoriasis Treatment. Biol Pharm Bull. 2018;41:592–596. doi:10.1248/bpb.b17-00939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler R, Sauer B, Kim D-S, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Its Potentially Paradoxical Effects on Critical Parameters of Cutaneous Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120:693–700. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12096.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüppel M, Kürschner U, Kleuser U, Schäfer-Korting M. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Restrains Insulin-Mediated Keratinocyte Proliferation via Inhibition of Akt through the S1P2 Receptor Subtype. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1747–1756. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaper K, Dickhaut J, Japtok L, et al. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Exhibits Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mouse Models of Psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;71:29–36. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manggau M, Kim DS, Ruwisch L, et al. 1Alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Protects Human Keratinocytes from Apoptosis by the Formation of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1241–1249. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01496.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S-J, Im D-S. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators and Drug Discovery. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2017;25:80–90. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2016.160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli MH, Abele S, Binkert C, et al. 2-Imino-Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives as Potent, Orally Active S1P1 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem. 2010;53:4198–4211. doi:10.1021/jm100181s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riento K, Ridley AJ. Rocks: multifunctional Kinases in Cell Behaviour. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003;4:446–456. doi:10.1038/nrm1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanin-Zhorov A, Weiss JM, Nyuydzefe MS, et al. Selective Oral ROCK2 Inhibitor Down-Regulates IL-21 and IL-17 Secretion in Human T Cells via STAT3-Dependent Mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:16814–16819. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414189111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Nyuydzefe MS, Weiss JM, Zhang J, Waksal SD, Zanin-Zhorov A. ROCK2, but Not ROCK1 Interacts with Phosphorylated STAT3 and Co-Occupies TH17/TFH Gene Promoters in TH17-Activated Human T Cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8:16636. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35109-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanin-Zhorov A, Weiss JM, Trzeciak A, et al. Cutting Edge: selective Oral ROCK2 Inhibitor Reduces Clinical Scores in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris and Normalizes Skin Pathology via Concurrent Regulation of IL-17 and IL-10. J Immunol. 2017;198:3809–3814. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1602142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Strelow A, Fontana EJ, Wesche H. IRAK-4: a Novel Member of the IRAK Family with the Properties of an IRAK-Kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:5567–5572. doi:10.1073/pnas.082100399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Staschke K, Bulek K, et al. A Critical Role for IRAK4 Kinase Activity in Toll-like Receptor–Mediated Innate Immunity. J Exp Med. 2007;204:1025–1036. doi:10.1084/jem.20061825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croasdell G. A Report from the American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ACR/ARHP) - 2012 Annual Meeting (November 9–14, 2012 - Washington, D.C., USA). Drugs Today (Barc). 2013;49:153–155. doi:10.1358/dot.2013.49.2.1937427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziczak-Holbro M, Littlewood-Evans A, Pöllinger B, et al. The Critical Role of Kinase Activity of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 in Animal Models of Joint Inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1661–1671. doi:10.1002/art.24552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staschke KA, Dong S, Saha J, et al. IRAK4 Kinase Activity Is Required for Th17 Differentiation and Th17-Mediated Disease. J Immunol. 2009;183:568–577. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz MJ, Cortijo J, Morcillo EJ. PDE4 Inhibitors as New Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: effects on Cell Trafficking and Cell Adhesion Molecules Expression. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;106:269–297. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Zuo J, Tang W. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1048. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricozzi A, Caposiena D, Garofalo V, et al. Therapeutic for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis: apremilast. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12:237–249. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2016.1134319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer PH, Adams M, Horan G, Truzzi F, Marconi A, Pincelli C. Apremilast Normalizes Gene Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Keratinocytes and Reduces Antigen-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Drugs R D. 2019;19:329–338. doi:10.1007/s40268-019-00284-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Chen R, Zeng G, et al. Determination of a PDE4 Inhibitor Hemay005 in Human Plasma and Urine by UPLC-MS/ MS and Its Application to a PK Study. Bioanalysis. 2018;10:863–875. doi:10.4155/bio-2018-0004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Liang BT, Jacobson KA. Pharmacological and Therapeutic Effects of A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17:359–366. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukamp P, Petrussevska RT, Breitkreutz D, Hornung J, Markham A, Fusenig NE. Normal Keratinization in a Spontaneously Immortalized Aneuploid Human Keratinocyte Cell Line. J Cell Biol. 1988;106:761–771. doi:10.1083/jcb.106.3.761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Barer F, Itzhak I, Silverman MH, Fishman P. Inhibition of IL-17 and IL-23 in Human Keratinocytes by the A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonist Piclidenoson. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:2310970. doi:10.1155/2018/2310970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David M, Gospodinov DK, Gheorghe N, et al. Treatment of Plaque-Type Psoriasis With Oral CF101: data from a Phase II/III Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15:931–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balak DMW, van Doorn MBA, Arbeit RD, et al. IMO-8400, a Toll-like Receptor 7, 8, and 9 Antagonist, Demonstrates Clinical Activity in a Phase 2a, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Clin Immunol. 2017;174:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Z-C, Xu W-D, Liu X-Y, Liu X-Y, Huang A-F, Su L-C. Biology of IL-36 Signaling and Its Role in Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachelez H, Choon S-E, Marrakchi S, et al. Inhibition of the Interleukin-36 Pathway for the Treatment of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:981–983. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1811317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Paulsboe S, Wetter J, et al. IL-36 Receptor Antagonistic Antibodies Inhibit Inflammatory Responses in Preclinical Models of Psoriasiform Dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28:113–120. doi:10.1111/exd.13841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifati C, Carducci M, Fei PC, et al. Correlated Increases of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6 and Granulocyte Monocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Levels in Suction Blister Fluids and Sera of Psoriatic Patients Relationships with Disease Severity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:383–387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb02687.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Ruiz S, Peñas PF, Fernández-Herrera J, Sánchez-Pérez J, Fraga J. Maculopapular Eruption with Enlarged Macrophages in Eight Patients Receiving G-CSF or GM-CSF. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:310–313. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00872.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly R, Marsden RA, Bevan D. Exacerbation of Psoriasis with GM-CSF Therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128:468–469. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00218.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziczak-Holbro M, Joyce C, Glück A, et al. IRAK-4 Kinase Activity Is Required for Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Receptor- and Toll-like Receptor 7-Mediated Signaling and Gene Expression. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:13552–13560. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700548200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Y, Gallo RL. AMPed Up Immunity: how Antimicrobial Peptides Have Multiple Roles in Immune Defense. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:131–141. doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendon A, Schäkel K. Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20. doi:10.3390/ijms20061475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonas A, Conrad C. Psoriasis: classical vs. Paradoxical. The Yin-Yang of TNF and Type I Interferon. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2746. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG. Immunology of Psoriasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227–255. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Lin J, Langevine C, et al. Discovery of BMS-986202: a Clinical Tyk2 Inhibitor That Binds to Tyk2 JH2. J Med Chem. 2021;64:677–694. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlShobaili HA, Shahzad M, Al-Marshood A, Khalil A, Settin A, Barrimah I. Genetic Background of Psoriasis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2010;4:23–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greb JE, Goldminz AM, Elder JT, et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16082. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baran W, Szepietowski JC, Mazur G, Baran EA. 308 Promoter Polymorphism of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Does Not Associate with the Susceptibility to Psoriasis Vulgaris. No Difference Either between Psoriasis Type I and Type II Patients. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2006;15:113–118.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll JM, Romero MR, Watt FM. Suprabasal Integrin Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Results in Developmental Defects and a Phenotype Resembling Psoriasis. Cell. 1995;83:957–968. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90211-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signa S, Campione E, Rusmini M, et al. Whole Exome Sequencing Approach to Childhood Onset Familial Erythrodermic Psoriasis Unravels a Novel Mutation of CARD14 Requiring Unusual High Doses of Ustekinumab. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17:38. doi:10.1186/s12969-019-0336-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, Tang JP, Taurog JD. Spontaneous Inflammatory Disease in Transgenic Rats Expressing HLA-B27 and Human Beta 2m: an Animal Model of HLA-B27-Associated Human Disorders. Cell. 1990;63:1099–1112. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90512-d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern RS. Psoriasis. Lancet. 1997;350:349–353. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05257-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehncke WH, Sterry W, Hainzl A, Scheffold W, Kaufmann R. Psoriasiform Architecture of Murine Epidermis Overlying Human Psoriatic Dermis Transplanted onto SCID Mice. Arch Dermatol Res. 1994;286:325–330. doi:10.1007/BF00402223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furrow RE, Christiansen FB, Feldman MW. Environment-Sensitive Epigenetics and the Heritability of Complex Diseases. Genetics. 2011;189:1377–1387. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.131912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel O, Richard-Miceli C, Tost J. Epigenetic Changes in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2017;106:139–189. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mervis JS, McGee JS. Epigenetic Therapy and Dermatologic Disease: moving beyond CTCL. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30:68–73. doi:10.1080/09546634.2018.1473550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo V, Strafella C, Termine A, et al. Overview of the Molecular Determinants Contributing to the Expression of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Phenotypes. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:13554–13563. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campione E, Cosio T, Lanna C, et al. Predictive Role of Vitamin A Serum Concentration in Psoriatic Patients Treated with IL-17 Inhibitors to Prevent Skin and Systemic Fungal Infections. J Pharmacol Sci. 2020;144:52–56. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2020.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar