Subcentimeter Nodules with Diagnostic Hallmarks of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparison of Pathological Features and Survival Outcomes with Nodules Measuring 1–2 cm

References

• Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–693. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TH, Kim SY, Tang A, Lee JM. Comparison of international guidelines for noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 update. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25(3):245–263. doi:10.3350/cmh.2018.0090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB. CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part I. Development, growth, and spread: key pathologic and imaging aspects. Radiology. 2014;272(3):635–654. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address EEE, European Association for the study of the L. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750. doi:10.1002/hep.29913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(4):317–370. doi:10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie DY, Ren ZG, Zhou J, Fan J, Gao Q. 2019 Chinese clinical guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: updates and insights. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2020;9(4):452–463. doi:10.21037/hbsn-20-480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa K, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: JSH consensus statements and recommendations 2021 update. Liver Cancer. 2021;10(3):181–223. doi:10.1159/000514174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CJ, An C, Park S, Choi JY, Kim MJ. Management of subcentimetre arterially enhancing and hepatobiliary hypointense lesions on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients at risk for HCC. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(4):1476–1484. doi:10.1007/s00330-017-5088-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song KD, Kim SH, Lim HK, Jung SH, Sohn I, Kim HS. Subcentimeter hypervascular nodule with typical imaging findings of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with history of hepatocellular carcinoma: natural course on serial gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(9):2789–2796. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3680-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo JH, Song KD, Kim SH. Subcentimeter hypervascular nodules with typical imaging findings of hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: outcomes of early treatment and watchful waiting. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(10):4406–4414. doi:10.1007/s00330-017-4818-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X, Hu D, Zhang Y, et al. Can immediately treating subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma improve the survival of patients? J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2020;7:377–384. doi:10.2147/JHC.S287641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang P, Zhou C, Wu F, et al. An improved diagnostic algorithm for subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol. 2022. doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09282-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, et al. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology. 2020;76(2):182–188. doi:10.1111/his.13975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roayaie S, Blume IN, Thung SN, et al. A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(3):850–855. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnez A, Verslype C, Nevens F, et al. The clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of cytokeratin 7 and 19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. A possible progenitor cell origin. Histopathology. 2006;49(2):138–151. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02468.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Han X, Wang Z, et al. Prediction of the Ki-67 marker index in hepatocellular carcinoma based on CT radiomics features. Phys Med Biol. 2020;65(23):235048. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/abac9c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JE, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Rhim H. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma 1 cm or smaller in patients with chronic liver disease: characterization with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI that includes diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(6):W758–W765. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang SH, Hong SB, Park S, et al. Subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma in treatment-naive patients: noninvasive diagnostic criteria and tumor staging on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(4):2321–2331. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-07329-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu MH, Kim JH, Yoon JH, et al. Small (</=1-cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance and imaging features at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2014;271(3):748–760. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitao A, Matsui O, Yoneda N, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular and genetic background. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(6):3438–3447. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-06687-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo I, Lee JM, Lee DH, Jeon JH, Han JK. Retrospective validation of a new diagnostic criterion for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: can hypointensity on the hepatobiliary phase be used as an alternative to washout with the aid of ancillary features? Eur Radiol. 2019;29(4):1724–1732. doi:10.1007/s00330-018-5727-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu XY, Xi T, Lau WY, et al. Pathobiological features of small hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between tumor size and biological behavior. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(4):567–575. doi:10.1007/s00432-010-0909-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Tsuijita E, Takeishi K, et al. Predictors for microinvasion of small hepatocellular carcinoma</= 2 cm. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(6):2027–2034. doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2195-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HD, Lim YS, Han S, et al. Evaluation of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma by magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetic acid detects additional lesions and increases overall survival. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1371–1382. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MW, Lim HK. Management of sub-centimeter recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: current status and future. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(46):5215–5222. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i46.5215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng LH, Dong H, Lau WY, et al. Novel microvascular invasion-based prognostic nomograms to predict survival outcomes in patients after R0 resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(2):293–303. doi:10.1007/s00432-016-2286-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Wu MC, Cong WM. Microvascular invasion predicts a poor prognosis of solitary hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2 cm based on propensity score matching analysis. Hepatol Res. 2019;49(3):344–354. doi:10.1111/hepr.13241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Zhu XD, Ji Y, et al. Microvascular invasion has limited clinical values in hepatocellular carcinoma patients at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages 0 or B. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):58. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3050-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shindoh J, Andreou A, Aloia TA, et al. Microvascular invasion does not predict long-term survival in hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2 cm: reappraisal of the staging system for solitary tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(4):1223–1229. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2739-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabrizian P, Jibara G, Shrager B, Schwartz M, Roayaie S. Recurrence of hepatocellular cancer after resection: patterns, treatments, and prognosis. Ann Surg. 2015;261(5):947–955. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar