Efficacy of TACE Combined with Lenvatinib Plus Sintilimab for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in the Inferior Vena Cava and/or Right Atrium

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang X, Lv L, Zhao Y, et al. ASF1B serves as a potential therapeutic target by influencing cell cycle and proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol. 2022;11:801506. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.801506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wu JL, Li LQ. Efficacy comparison of optimal treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Hepatol. 2022;27:100552. doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Sun W, Li W, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization plus lenvatinib versus transarterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a prospective randomized study. Cancer. 2021;127(20):3782–3793. doi:10.1002/cncr.33677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XP, Liu YC, Chen ZH, et al. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization improves outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein invasion: a propensity score matching analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019;26(5):1465–1473. doi:10.1245/s10434-019-07223-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Yuan L, Ge RL, Sun Y, Wei G. Survival benefit of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava/right atrium tumor thrombus: results of a retrospective cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(3):914–922. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2646-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao WS, Shen CH, Luo SC, et al. Concomitant hepatectomy and atrial thrombectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass versus staged hepatectomy in the treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with large right atrial tumor thrombi. J Clin Med. 2022;11(8):2140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirono T, Koga H, Niizeki T, et al. Usefulness of a novel transarterial chemoinfusion plus external-beam radiation therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava and right atrium: case study. Cancer Rep. 2022;5(8):e1539.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng K, Zhu X, Fu S, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a randomized trial. Radiology. 2022;303(2):455–464. doi:10.1148/radiol.211545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou J, Li Y, Liang K, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy as a salvage treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava/right atrium tumor thrombus: a multi-center analysis. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):668. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5870-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(20):1894–1905. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1915745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo M. Durvalumab plus tremelimumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2022;11(4):592–596. doi:10.21037/hbsn-22-143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, Phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10088):2492–2502. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31046-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo M, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Updated efficacy and safety of KEYNOTE-224: a Phase II study of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib. Eur J Cancer. 2022;167:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili K, Kim TK, Jang HJ, et al. Optimization of imaging diagnosis of 1–2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of diagnostic performance and resource utilization. J Hepatol. 2011;54(4):723–728. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M, et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut. 2010;59(5):638–644. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.187286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kkf C, Mitchell SA, Chan N, Ang E, Tam W, Kanesvaran R. Linguistic validation of the simplified Chinese version of the US National Cancer Institute’s patient-reported outcomes version of the common terminology criteria for adverse events (PRO-CTCAE™). BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):1153. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07631-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ZH, Wang K, Zhang XP, et al. A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatic vein tumor thrombus. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2020;9(6):717–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Lencioni R. mRECIST for HCC: performance and novel refinements. J Hepatol. 2020;72(2):288–306. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlachterman A, Craft WW Jr, Hilgenfeldt E, Mitra A, Cabrera R. Current and future treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(28):8478–8491. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i28.8478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrashidi I, Chu HH, Kim JH, et al. Combined chemoembolization and radiotherapy versus chemoembolization alone for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the hepatic vein or inferior vena cava. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2021;44(7):1060–1069. doi:10.1007/s00270-021-02815-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazawa T, Adachi S, Kitano M, et al. Potential prognostic benefits of radiotherapy as an initial treatment for patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with invasion to intrahepatic large vessels. Oncology. 2007;73(1–2):90–97. doi:10.1159/000120996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein invasion: a Japanese nationwide survey. Hepatology. 2017;66(2):510–517. doi:10.1002/hep.29225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chern MC, Chuang VP, Cheng T, Lin ZH, Lin YM. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava and right atrial tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(4):735–744. doi:10.1007/s00270-008-9342-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Shim JH, Yoon HK, Ko HK, Kim JW, Gwon DI. Chemoembolization related to good survival for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma invading segmental portal vein. Liver Int. 2018;38(9):1646–1654. doi:10.1111/liv.13719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim GA, Shim JH, Yoon SM, et al. Comparison of chemoembolization with and without radiation therapy and sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a propensity score analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(3):320–9.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee IJ, Chung JW, Kim HC, et al. Extrahepatic collateral artery supply to the tumor thrombi of hepatocellular carcinoma invading inferior vena cava: the prevalence and determinant factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(1):22–29. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2008.09.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojiro M, Nakahara H, Sugihara S, Murakami T, Nakashima T, Kawasaki H. Hepatocellular carcinoma with intra-atrial tumor growth. A clinicopathologic study of 18 autopsy cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108(12):989–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Li Z, Zhang W, et al. Comprehensive treatment of trans-arterial chemoembolization plus lenvatinib followed by camrelizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:709060. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.709060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao F, Yang Y, Si T, et al. The efficacy of TACE combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study. Front Oncol. 2021;11:783480. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.783480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SM, Yoon CJ, Lee SS, et al. Treatment outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma that invades hepatic vein or inferior vena cava. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(6):1507–1515. doi:10.1007/s00270-014-0841-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal SK, McDermott DF, Atkins MB, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in a Phase 2 study comparing atezolizumab alone or with bevacizumab vs sunitinib in previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2020;126(1):73–82. doi:10.1111/bju.15058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ib study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(26):2960–2970. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): a nonrandomized, open-label, phase II trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(4):1003–1011. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Z, He M, Bu X, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with high-risk advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 2022;174:68–77. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn RS, Kudo M, Merle P. Primary results from the Phase 3 LEAP-002 study: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus lenvatinib as first-line (1L) therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S1401. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.08.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheu JW, Wong CC. Mechanistic rationales guiding combination hepatocellular carcinoma therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hepatology. 2021;74(4):2264–2276. doi:10.1002/hep.31840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JY, Yin ZY, Bai YN, et al. Lenvatinib combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2021;8:1233–1240. doi:10.2147/JHC.S332420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen E, Jabouille A, Rivera LB, et al. Combined antiangiogenic and anti-PD-L1 therapy stimulates tumor immunity through HEV formation. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(385):eaak9679. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aak9679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi C, Chen L, Lin Z, et al. Lenvatinib targets FGF receptor 4 to enhance antitumor immune response of anti-programmed cell death-1 in HCC. Hepatology. 2021;74(5):2544–2560. doi:10.1002/hep.31921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangro B, Sarobe P, Hervás-Stubbs S, et al. Advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(8):525–543. doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00438-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Castet F, Heikenwalder M, et al. Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19(3):151–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Lu L, He Z, et al. C-reactive protein levels predict responses to PD-1 inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Front Immunol. 2022;13:808101. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.808101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheiner B, Pomej K, Kirstein MM, et al. Prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immunotherapy - development and validation of the CRAFITY score. J Hepatol. 2022;76(2):353–363. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa K, Watanabe S, Miura S, et al. Prognostic significance of procalcitonin in small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2022;11(1):43–52. doi:10.21037/tlcr-21-838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar