Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram for Patients with AFP and DCP Double-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Local Ablation

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou H, Li M, Lei Q, et al. Economic burden and quality of life of hepatocellular carcinoma in Greater China: a systematic review. Front Public Health. 2022;10:801981. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.801981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(2):115–132. doi:10.3322/caac.21338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Xie H, Hu M, et al. Recent progress in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(9):2993–3036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin SW, Ahn KS, Kim SW, Kim TS, Kim YH, Kang KJ. Liver resection versus local ablation therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):656–666. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Cai J, Tao L, et al. Comparison on the efficacy and prognosis of different strategies for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2020;83:196–204. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.09.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lope CR, Tremosini S, Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J. Management of HCC. J Hepatol. 2012;56(Suppl 1):S75–87. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60009-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750. doi:10.1002/hep.29913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galle PR, Foerster F, Kudo M, et al. Biology and significance of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2019;39(12):2214–2229. doi:10.1111/liv.14223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terentiev AA, Moldogazieva NT. Alpha-fetoprotein: a renaissance. Tumour Biol. 2013;34(4):2075–2091. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-0904-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang Y, Li G, Lu Z, Liu Y, Kong J, Liu J. Progression of prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:726213. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.726213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Chen R, Wei Q, Xu X. The landscape of alpha fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: where are we? Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(2):536–551. doi:10.7150/ijbs.64537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen VL, Sharma P. Role of biomarkers and biopsy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis. 2020;24(4):577–590. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayob N, Kanwal F, Alsarraj A, Hernaez R, El-Serag HB. The performance of AFP, AFP-3, DCP as biomarkers for detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): a Phase 3 biomarker study in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(2):415–423.e414. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Mao M, He Z, et al. Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram in AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci. 2019;15(1):221–228. doi:10.7150/ijbs.28720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Han L, Xiao B, Li X, Ye Z. A predictive nomogram of early recurrence for patients with AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma underwent curative resection. Diagnostics. 2022;12:5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deo RC. Machine Learning in Medicine. Circulation. 2015;132(20):1920–1930. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.001593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Mohr NM, Street WN, Nadkarni P. Machine learning in relation to emergency medicine clinical and operational scenarios: an overview. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(2):219–227. doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.1.41244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahara T, Sugihara T, Kihara T, et al. The characteristics and prognosis of alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin double-Negative hepatocellular carcinoma at baseline in higher BCLC stages. Cancers. 2023;15(2). doi:10.3390/cancers15020390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan YX, Sun XQ, Hu ZL, et al. Prognostic values of alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin in hepatocellular carcinoma in China: an analysis of 4792 patients. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2021;8:657–670. doi:10.2147/JHC.S316223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–693. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan P, Kulik LM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: new developments. Clin Liver Dis. 2023;27(1):85–102. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2022.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1301–1314. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30010-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao YJ, Ju Q, Li GC. Tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol. 2013;1(4):593–598. doi:10.3892/mco.2013.119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin B, Zhu M, Wang W, et al. Structural basis for alpha fetoprotein-mediated inhibition of caspase-3 activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(7):1413–1421. doi:10.1002/ijc.30850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrero JA, Su GL, Wei W, et al. Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant chronic liver disease in American patients. Hepatology. 2003;37(5):1114–1121. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):589–604. doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0186-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Zhu M, Li M. Effects of alpha-fetoprotein on the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2020;146(10):2439–2446. doi:10.1007/s00432-020-03331-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui SX, Yu XF, Qu XJ. Roles and signaling pathways of Des-γ-carboxyprothrombin in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 2016;34(9):459–464. doi:10.1080/07357907.2016.1227445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheetz L, Park KS, Li Q, et al. Engineering patient-specific cancer immunotherapies. Nat Biomed Eng. 2019;3(10):768–782. doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0436-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Choi NY, Lee EK, Kang MS. Identification of novel markers that outperform EpCAM in quantifying circulating tumor cells. Cell Oncol. 2014;37(4):235–243. doi:10.1007/s13402-014-0178-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini EG, Marenco S, Borgonovo G, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein has no prognostic role in small hepatocellular carcinoma identified during surveillance in compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2012;56(4):1371–1379. doi:10.1002/hep.25814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ZZ, Huang L, Wu YH, Zhai WJ, Zhu PP, Gao YF. LncSox4 promotes the self-renewal of liver tumour-initiating cells through Stat3-mediated Sox4 expression. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):12598. doi:10.1038/ncomms12598
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueno M, Hayami S, Shigekawa Y, et al. Prognostic impact of surgery and radiofrequency ablation on single nodular HCC ⩽5 cm: cohort study based on serum HCC markers. J Hepatol. 2015;63(6):1352–1359. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Qiao W, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Development and validation of a nomogram to predict the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with dynamic changes in AFP undergoing locoregional treatments. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1206345. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1206345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Q, Qiao W, Zhang H, et al. Nomogram established on account of Lasso-Cox regression for predicting recurrence in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1019638. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen DJ, Lencioni R. Image-guided ablation of primary liver and renal tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(3):175–186. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Zeng X, Su T, et al. Combinatory local ablation and immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale, efficacy, and perspective. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1033000. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Christophi C. Mechanisms of focal heat destruction of liver tumors. J Surg Res. 2005;127(2):208–223. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2005.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo F, Granata V, Grassi R, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in liver tumors: an update. Oncologist. 2019;24(10):e990–e1005. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turrentine FE, Wang H, Simpson VB, Jones RS. Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(6):865–877. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannistrà M, Grande R, Ruggiero M, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients and the role of energy balance. Int J Surg. 2016;33(Suppl 1):S119–125. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.06.020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HW, Hsieh TH, Huang SY, et al. Forfeited hepatogenesis program and increased embryonic stem cell traits in young hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comparing to elderly HCC. BMC Genomics. 2013;14(1):736. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namieno T, Kawata A, Sato N, Kondo Y, Uchino J. Age-related, different clinicopathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Ann Surg. 1995;221(3):308–314. doi:10.1097/00000658-199503000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlik TM, Delman KA, Vauthey JN, et al. Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade: implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(9):1086–1092. doi:10.1002/lt.20472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Kang TW, Song KD, et al. Effect of microvascular invasion risk on early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery and radiofrequency ablation. Ann Surg. 2021;273(3):564–571. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: redox regulation and drug resistance. Adv Cancer Res. 2014;122:103–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JG, He XF, Huang B, Zhang HA, He YK. Rule of changes in serum GGT levels and GGT/ALT and AST/ALT ratios in primary hepatic carcinoma patients with different AFP levels. Cancer Biomark. 2018;21(4):743–746. doi:10.3233/CBM-170088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar