References
- Neurath MF. Current and emerging therapeutic targets for IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14:269–278. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.208
- Kim DH, Cheon JH. Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and recent advances in biologic therapies. Immune Netw. 2017;17:25–40. doi:10.4110/in.2017.17.1.25
- Schreiner P, Neurath MF, Ng SC, et al. Mechanism-based treatment strategies for IBD: cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, JAK inhibitors, gut flora, and more. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2019;4:79–96. doi:10.1159/000500721
- Sehgal P, Colombel JF, Aboubakr A, et al. Systematic review: safety of mesalazine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47:1597–1609. doi:10.1111/apt.14688
- Heap GA, So K, Weedon M, et al. Clinical features and HLA association of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA)-induced nephrotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:149–158. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv219
- Shah JA, Cathryn M, Edwards CSP. Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease an audit of adverse events and outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:169–173. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f16d50
- Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Triptolide: medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and clinical progress. Eur J Med Chem. 2019;176:378–392. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.032
- Luo D, Zuo Z, Zhao H, et al. Immunoregulatory effects of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F and its extracts in clinical practice. Front Med. 2019;13:556–563. doi:10.1007/s11684-018-0649-5
- Zhou YY, Xia X, Peng WK, et al. The effectiveness and safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F extracts in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:356. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00356
- Han R, Rostami-Yazdi M, Gerdes S, et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74:424–436. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04221.x
- Jiang X, Cao G, Gao G, et al. Triptolide decreases tumor-associated macrophages infiltration and M2 polarization to remodel colon cancer immune microenvironment via inhibiting tumor-derived CXCL12. J Cell Physiol. 2020.
- Li XJ, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Triptolide: progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:67–79. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.006
- Qiu J, You X, Wu G. Effects of Tripterygium glycoside treatment on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16:8283–8288. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7627
- Zhao J, Di T, Wang Y, et al. Multi-glycoside of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. ameliorates imiquimod-induced skin lesions through a STAT3-dependent mechanism involving the inhibition of Th17-mediated inflammatory responses. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38:747–757. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2670
- Wu W, Yang JJ, Yang HM, et al. Multi-glycoside of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. attenuates glomerulosclerosis in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy by exerting anti-microinflammatory effects without affecting hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Med. 2017;40:721–730. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.3068
- Yang YQ, Wu YF, Xu FF, et al. Tripterygium glycoside fraction n2: alleviation of DSS-induced colitis by modulating immune homeostasis in mice. Phytomedicine. 2019;58:152855. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152855
- Ren J, Wu X, Liao N, et al. Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside versus mesalazine. J Int Med Res. 2013;41:176–187. doi:10.1177/0300060512474744
- He C, Shi Y, Wu R, et al. miR-301a promotes intestinal mucosal inflammation through induction of IL-17A and TNF-alpha in IBD. Gut. 2016;65:1938–1950. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309389
- Ma C, Wu W, Lin R, et al. Critical role of CD6highCD4+ T cells in driving Th1/Th17 cell immune responses and mucosal inflammation in IBD. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:510–524. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy179
- Geremia A, Biancheri P, Allan P, et al. Innate and adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:3–10. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.06.004
- Yosef N, Shalek AK, Gaublomme JT, et al. Dynamic regulatory network controlling TH17 cell differentiation. Nature. 2013;496:461–468. doi:10.1038/nature11981
- Salaga M, Zatorski H, Sobczak M, et al. Chinese herbal medicines in the treatment of IBD and colorectal cancer: a review. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2014;15:405–420. doi:10.1007/s11864-014-0288-2
- Guo BJ, Bian ZX, Qiu HC, et al. Biological and clinical implications of herbal medicine and natural products for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1401:37–48. doi:10.1111/nyas.13414
- Lin SC, Cheifetz AS. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2018;14:415–425.
- Tang B, Zhu J, Zhang B, et al. Therapeutic potential of triptolide as an anti-inflammatory agent in dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:592084. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.592084
- Wu H, Rao Q, Ma GC, et al. Effect of Triptolide on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis and gut microbiota in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1652. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01652
- Li Y, Yu C, Zhu WM, et al. Triptolide ameliorates IL-10-deficient mice colitis by mechanisms involving suppression of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and down-regulation of IL-17. Mol Immunol. 2010;47:2467–2474. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.007
- Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2007;448:427–434. doi:10.1038/nature06005
- Wu W, Chen F, Liu Z, et al. Microbiota-specific Th17 Cells: Yin and Yang in regulation of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1473–1482. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000775
- Bacher P, Hohnstein T, Beerbaum E, et al. Human anti-fungal Th17 immunity and pathology rely on cross-reactivity against Candida albicans. Cell. 2019;176:1340–1355 e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.041
- Galvez J. Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of human IBD. ISRN Inflamm. 2014;2014:928461. doi:10.1155/2014/928461
- Gaublomme JT, Yosef N, Lee Y, et al. Single-cell genomics unveils critical regulators of Th17 cell pathogenicity. Cell. 2015;163:1400–1412. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.009
- Mitsuyama K, Matsumoto S, Masuda J, et al. Therapeutic strategies for targeting the IL-6/STAT3 cytokine signaling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Anticancer Res. 2007;27:3749–3756.
- Mihara M, Hashizume M, Yoshida H, et al. IL-6/IL-6 receptor system and its role in physiological and pathological conditions. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122:143–159. doi:10.1042/CS20110340
- Withers DR, Hepworth MR, Wang X, et al. Transient inhibition of ROR-γt therapeutically limits intestinal inflammation by reducing TH17 cells and preserving group 3 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Med. 2016;22:319–323. doi:10.1038/nm.4046
- Hueber W, Sands BE, Lewitzky S, et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn’s disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gut. 2012;61:1693–1700. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301668
- Ogawa A, Andoh A, Araki Y, et al. Neutralization of interleukin-17 aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Clinical Immunol. 2004;110:55–62. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2003.09.013
- Dang EV, Barbi J, Yang HY, et al. Control of T(H)17/T(reg) balance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cell. 2011;146:772–784. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.033
- Wu W, He C, Liu C, et al. miR-10a inhibits dendritic cell activation and Th1/Th17 cell immune responses in IBD. Gut. 2015;64:1755–1764. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307980
- Mezouar S, Mege JL. Changing the paradigm of IFN-gamma at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity: macrophage-derived IFN-gamma. J Leukoc Biol. 2020;108:419–426. doi:10.1002/JLB.4MIR0420-619RR
- Neurath MF. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:329–342. doi:10.1038/nri3661