Comprehensive Mechanism, Novel Markers and Multidisciplinary Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Cardiac Injury – A Narrative Review

References

• Thoeni RF. The revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis: its importance for the radiologist and its effect on treatment. Radiology. 2012;262:751–764. doi:10.1148/radiol.11110947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62(1):102–111. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yegneswaran B, Kostis JB, Pitchumoni CS. Cardiovascular manifestations of acute pancreatitis. J Crit Care. 2011;26:225.e11–18. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett WL, Wangensteen SL, Glenn TM, Lefer AM. Presence of a myocardial depressant factor in patients in circulatory shock. Surgery. 1971;70:223–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadkarni N, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, et al. Diastolic dysfunction, prolonged QTc interval and pericardial effusion as predictors of mortality in acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(10):1576–1580. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07229.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong L, Santiago N, Han TQ, Zhang SD. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(22):3336–3338. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i22.3336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleja GA, Barkin JS. Acute pancreatitis. Med Clin North Am. 1993;77(5):1037–1056. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30209-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasantha Kumar A, Mohan Reddy G, Anirudh Kumar A. Acute pancreatitis complicated by acute myocardial infarction - a rare association. Indian Heart J. 2013;65(4):474–477. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2013.06.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang JW, Zhang GX, Chen HL, et al. Therapeutic effect of Qingyi decoction in severe acute pancreatitis-induced intestinal barrier injury. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(12):3537–3546. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i12.3537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins HE, Zhu-Mauldin X, Marchase RB, Chatham JC. STIM1/Orai1-mediated SOCE: current perspectives and potential roles in cardiac function and pathology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;305(4):H446–58. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00104.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulea A, Costin S, Rotari V. Heart ultrastructure in experimental acute pancreatitis. Rom J Physiol. 1997;34(1–4):35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(6):1252–1261. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner A, Robertson T. Selective necrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscle induced experimentally by means of proteolytic enzyme solutions given intravenously. J Exp Med. 1954;99(4):387–404. doi:10.1084/jem.99.4.387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dan Z, Liao XL, Hou CS, Xu BB, Yang J, Kang Y. [The expression of trypsin in serum and vital organs of septic rats]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2018;57(7):505–510. (Chinese). doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2018.07.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tejada JG, Hernández F, Chimeno J, Alonso MA, Martin R, Bastante T. Acute pancreatitis mimicking acute inferior myocardial infarction. Angiology. 2008;59(3):365–367. doi:10.1177/0003319707304533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda T, Sato K, Noda C, et al. Protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor on myocardial mitochondria during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(7):1987–1992. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000057037.44171.BA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro AG, Mezzaroma E, Marchetti C, et al. A Preclinical Translational Study of the cardioprotective effects of plasma-derived Alpha-1 anti-trypsin in acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2017;69(5):273–278. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roncati L, Gualandri G, Fortuni G, Barbolini G. Sudden death and lipomatous infiltration of the heart involved by fat necrosis resulting from acute pancreatitis. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;217(1–3):e19–22. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YZ, Xiang Y, Chen M, Xian LN, Deng XY. Clinical significance of dynamic detection for serum levels of MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-8 in patients with acute pancreatitis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2016;9:1111–1114. doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan DJ, Yang Z, Hopkins PM, Steele DS, Harrison SM. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta increase Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and susceptibility to arrhythmia in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium. 2010;47(4):378–386. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2010.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann U, Heuer S, Meder K, et al. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta impair economy of contraction in human myocardium. Cytokine. 2007;39(3):157–162. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann U, Domeier E, Frantz S, et al. Increased myocardial oxygen consumption by TNF-alpha is mediated by a sphingosine signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284(6):H2100–5. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellerich FN, Trumbeckaite S, Hertel K, et al. Impaired energy metabolism in hearts of septic baboons: diminished activities of Complex I and Complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Shock. 1999;11(5):336–341. doi:10.1097/00024382-199905000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jude B, Vetel S, Giroux-Metges MA, Pennec JP. Rapid negative inotropic effect induced by TNF-α in rat heart perfused related to PKC activation. Cytokine. 2018;107:65–69. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Li J, Wang L, Zhang Q. Association between IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 polymorphisms and risk of acute pancreatitis. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14:6635–6641. doi:10.4238/2015.June.18.6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamberlain J, Francis S, Brookes Z, et al. Interleukin-1 regulates multiple atherogenic mechanisms in response to fat feeding. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5073. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirii H, Niwa T, Yamada Y, et al. Lack of interleukin-1beta decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(4):656–660. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000064374.15232.C3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangogiannis NG. Interleukin-1 in cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling: pathophysiologic and translational concepts. Discoveries (Craiova). 2015;3(1):e41. doi:10.15190/d.2015.33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Khoury N, Mathieu S, Fiset C. Interleukin-1β reduces L-type Ca2+ current through protein kinase Cϵ activation in mouse heart. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:21896–21908. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.549642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Qin J, Bu P. Pathways involved in interleukin-1β-mediated murine cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015;42:109–116. doi:10.14503/THIJ-14-4254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerantz BJ, Reznikov LL, Harken AH, Dinarello CA. Inhibition of caspase 1 reduces human myocardial ischemic dysfunction via inhibition of IL-18 and IL-1beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(5):2871–2876. doi:10.1073/pnas.041611398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toldo S, Abbate A. The NLRP3 inflammasome in acute myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(4):203–214. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BK, Wen H, Ting JP. The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:707–735. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toldo S, Mezzaroma E, O’Brien L, et al. Interleukin-18 mediates interleukin-1-induced cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;306:H1025–1031. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00795.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janiak A, Leśniowski B, Jasińska A, Pietruczuk M, Małecka-Panas E. Interleukin 18 as an early marker or prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis. Prz Gastroenterol. 2015;10:203–207. doi:10.5114/pg.2015.50993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallat Z, Henry P, Fressonnet R, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-18 in acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2002;88:467–469. doi:10.1136/heart.88.5.467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartekova M, Radosinska J, Jelemensky M, Dhalla NS. Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(5):733–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Friehs I, Mummidi S, et al. Pressure overload induces IL-18 and IL-18R expression, but markedly suppresses IL-18BP expression in a rabbit model. IL-18 potentiates TNF-α-induced cardiomyocyte death. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014;75:141–151. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien LC, Mezzaroma E, Van Tassell BW, et al. Interleukin-18 as a therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Mol Med. 2014;20:221–229. doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternby H, Hartman H, Johansen D, Thorlacius H, Regnér S. Predictive capacity of biomarkers for severe acute pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res. 2016;56:154–163. doi:10.1159/000444141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikorska D, Pawlaczyk K, Roszak M, et al. Preliminary observations on the association between serum IL-6 and hydration status and cardiovascular risk in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Cytokine. 2016;85:171–176. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue P, Massie BM, Simpson PC, Long CS. Cytokine expression increases in nonmyocytes from rats with postinfarction heart failure. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H250–258. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.1.H250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gwechenberger M, Mendoza LH, Youker KA, et al. Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions. Circulation. 1999;99:546–551. doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.4.546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgarten G, Knuefermann P, Kalra D, et al. Load-dependent and -independent regulation of proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression in the adult mammalian heart. Circulation. 2002;105:2192–2197. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000015608.37608.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 family cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10:a028415. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JH, Zhao L, Pan X, et al. Hypoxia-stimulated cardiac fibroblast production of IL-6 promotes myocardial fibrosis via the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Lab Invest. 2016;96:839–852. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F, Chen D, Zhang Y, et al. Interleukin-6 deficiency attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac pathogenesis with increased myocyte hypertrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;494:534–541. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, Valdez PA, Hymowitz SG. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:71–109. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang FH, Sun YH, Fan KL, et al. Protective effects of heme oxygenase-1 against severe acute pancreatitis via inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and augmentation of interleukin-10. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):100. doi:10.1186/s12876-017-0651-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Laethem JL, Marchant A, Delvaux A, et al. Interleukin 10 prevents necrosis in murine experimental acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(6):1917–1922. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90158-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura A, Wakabayashi Y, Mori T. Cellular and molecular basis for the regulation of inflammation by TGF-beta. J Biochem. 2010;147(6):781–792. doi:10.1093/jb/mvq043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni AB, Huh CG, Becker D, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(2):770–774. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.2.770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay D, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh G, Datta AG. Oxidative stress-induced ischemic heart disease: protection by antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11(3):369–387. doi:10.2174/0929867043456016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao B. Protective effect of natural antioxidants on heart against ischemia-reperfusion damage. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;11(8):868–874. doi:10.2174/138920110793262105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andican G, Gelisgen R, Unal E, et al. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide in rats with alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2340–2345. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i15.2340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinose F, Buys ES, Neilan TG, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of nitric oxide synthase 3 prevents myocardial dysfunction in murine models of septic shock. Circ Res. 2007;100(1):130–139. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000253888.09574.7a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maass DL, White J, Horton JW. Nitric oxide donors alter cardiomyocyte cytokine secretion and cardiac function. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(12):2794–2803. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000189747.97541.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastaldo R, Pagliaro P, Cappello S, et al. Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Life Sci. 2007;81(10):779–793. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan P, Brutsaert DL, Paulus WJ, Sys SU. Myocardial contractile response to nitric oxide and cGMP. Circulation. 1996;93(6):1223–1229. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.6.1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829–37, 837a-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Oksvold P, et al. Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2014;13(2):397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts VL, Sepulveda FM, Cingolani OH, et al. Anti-hypertrophic and anti-oxidant effect of beta3-adrenergic stimulation in myocytes requires differential neuronal NOS phosphorylation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;62:8–17. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson D, Lygate CA, Zhang MH, Hulbert K, Neubauer S, Casadei B. nNOS gene deletion exacerbates pathological left ventricular remodeling and functional deterioration after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2005;112(24):3729–3737. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinose F. [Impact of nitric oxide synthase 3 on myocardial dysfunction in sepsis]. Masui. 2008;57(3):294–301. (Japanese).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yu X, Xu H, Sui D, Zhao X. Alprostadil attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting antioxidant activity and eNOS activation in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2018;33(12):1067–1077. doi:10.1590/s0102-865020180120000004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braganza JM, Scott P, Bilton D, et al. Evidence for early oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis. Clues for correction. Int J Pancreatol. 1995;17:69–81. doi:10.1007/BF02788361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wen Y, Liu R, Lin N, et al. NADPH oxidase hyperactivity contributes to cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in rats with severe experimental pancreatitis through ROS-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:4578175. doi:10.1155/2019/4578175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marciniak A, Walczyna B, Rajtar G, Marciniak S, Wojtak A, Lasiecka K. Tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger, exhibits anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in the cerulein-induced pancreatitis rat model. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:4139851. doi:10.1155/2016/4139851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano FJ. Oxygen, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and heart failure. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(3):500–508. doi:10.1172/JCI200524408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan P, Cserne Szappanos H, Ingley E, Hool LC. The cardiac L-type calcium channel alpha subunit is a target for direct redox modification during oxidative stress-the role of cysteine residues in the alpha interacting domain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017;44(Suppl 1):46–54. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph SK, Booth DM, Young MP, Hajnóczky G. Redox regulation of ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in cell survival and death. Cell Calcium. 2019;79:89–97. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidlmayer LK, Mages C, Berbner A, et al. Mitofusin 2 is essential for IP3-mediated SR/mitochondria metabolic feedback in ventricular myocytes. Front Physiol. 2019;10:733. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dries E, Santiago DJ, Gilbert G, et al. Hyperactive ryanodine receptors in human heart failure and ischaemic cardiomyopathy reside outside of couplons. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114(11):1512–1524. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu LL, Tang C, Liu MS. Altered phosphorylation and calcium sensitivity of cardiac myofibrillar proteins during sepsis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;281(2):R408–16. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.2.R408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Del Nido PJ, Ibrahim AE, et al. Increased myocardial calcium cycling and reduced myofilament calcium sensitivity in early endotoxemia. Surgery. 1999;126(2):231–238. doi:10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70160-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin B, Xu J, Feng DG, Wang F, Wang JX, Zhao H. DUSP14 knockout accelerates cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury through activating NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways modulated by ROS generation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;501(1):24–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Ip M, Mak J. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in human cardiomyocytes via ROS-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Phytomedicine. 2019;58:152768. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei Q, Yi T, Chen C. NF-κB-gasdermin D (GSDMD) axis couples oxidative stress and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis following myocardial infarction. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:6044–6052. doi:10.12659/MSM.908529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan EM, Pennington ER, Sparagna GC, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid lowers cardiac mitochondrial enzyme activity by replacing linoleic acid in the phospholipidome. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(2):466–483. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.812834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepe S. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on age-related changes in cardiac mitochondrial membranes. Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(8–9):751–758. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao H, Li J, Zhou Y, et al. Dose-dependent protective effect of propofol against mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemic/reperfused rat heart: role of cardiolipin. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153(8):1641–1649. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, Matsushima S. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in myocardial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;81(3):449–456. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao X, Carlson D, Sun Y, et al. Mitochondrial ROS induces cardiac inflammation via a pathway through mtDNA damage in a pneumonia-related sepsis model. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnally KW, Peixoto PM, Ryu SY, Dejean LM. Is mPTP the gatekeeper for necrosis, apoptosis, or both. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813(4):616–622. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larche J, Lancel S, Hassoun SM, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition prevents sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(2):377–385. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.02.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdallah Y, Kasseckert SA, Iraqi W, et al. Interplay between Ca2+ cycling and mitochondrial permeability transition pores promotes reperfusion-induced injury of cardiac myocytes. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;15(11):2478–2485. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01249.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature. 2010;464(7285):104–107. doi:10.1038/nature08780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttemann M, Helling S, Sanderson TH, et al. Regulation of mitochondrial respiration and apoptosis through cell signaling: cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome c in ischemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1817(4):598–609. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa T, Shimizu S, Watanabe T, et al. Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death. Nature. 2005;434(7033):652–658. doi:10.1038/nature03317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze MT, Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:331–342. doi:10.1038/nri1594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugrinova I, Pasheva E. HMGB1 protein: a therapeutic target inside and outside the cell. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2017;107:37–76. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinotti S, Patrone M, Ranzato E. Emerging roles for HMGB1 protein in immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Immunotargets Ther. 2015;4:101–109. doi:10.2147/ITT.S58064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saïd-Sadier N, Ojcius DM. Alarmins, inflammasomes and immunity. Biomed J. 2012;35(6):437–449. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.104408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakefield D, Gray P, Chang J, Di Girolamo N, McCluskey P. The role of PAMPs and DAMPs in the pathogenesis of acute and recurrent anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(3):271–274. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.146753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Huang L, Li X, Zhu H, Li Z, Yu X. Spatial and temporal differences of HMGB1 expression in the pancreas of rats with acute pancreatitis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:6928–6935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue J, Ge H, Lin Z, et al. The role of dendritic cells regulated by HMGB1/TLR4 signalling pathway in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(4):2849–2862. doi:10.1111/jcmm.14192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Wang P, Du G. [HMGB1 promotes myocardial ischemic injury and regulates the proportion of CD4+, CD8+T cells and Th17 cells in spleen through TLR4]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;34(9):794–799. (Chinese).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ren S, Pan L, Yang L, et al. miR-29a-3p transferred by mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles protects against myocardial injury after severe acute pancreatitis. Life Sci. 2021;272:119189. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng HP, Fan J, Vallejo JG, et al. Negative inotropic effects of high-mobility group box 1 protein in isolated contracting cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H1490–1496. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00910.2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Xia SH, Chen H, Li XH. Therapy for acute pancreatitis with platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(30):4735–4738. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.4735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foitzik T, Hotz HG, Eibl G, Hotz B, Kirchengast M, Buhr HJ. Therapy for microcirculatory disorders in severe acute pancreatitis: effectiveness of platelet-activating factor receptor blockade vs. endothelin receptor blockade. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3(3):244–251. doi:10.1016/S1091-255X(99)80066-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithell H, Vessby B, Walldius G, Carlson LA. Hypertriglyceridemia--acute pancreatitis--ischemic heart disease. A case study in a pair of monozygotic twins. Acta Med Scand. 1987;221(3):311–316. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb00900.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Copeland LA, Swendsen CS, Sears DM, MacCarthy AA, McNeal CJ. Association between triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease in patients with acute pancreatitis. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0179998. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang W, Navaneethan U, Ruiz L, Palascak JB, Gelrud A. Hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis: presentation and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:984–991. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson SC, St Louis JD, Lowe JE, Abdel-aleem S. Free fatty acid metabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997;166(1–2):85–94. doi:10.1023/A:1006886601825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen L, Javed TA, Dobbs AK, et al. The protective effects of calcineurin on pancreatitis in mice depend on the cellular source. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):1036–1050.e8. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammori BJ, Leeder PC, King RF, et al. Early increase in intestinal permeability in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: correlation with endotoxemia, organ failure, and mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3:252–262. doi:10.1016/s1091-255x(99)80067-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C, Ling Z, Huang Y, et al. Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota associated with inflammation involved in the progression of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2015;44:868–875. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schietroma M, Pessia B, Carlei F, Mariani P, Sista F, Amicucci G. Intestinal permeability and systemic endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis. Ann Ital Chir. 2016;87:138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez J, Palazón JM, Muñoz C, et al. Endotoxin and anti-endotoxin antibodies in the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002;94:406–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Möhlen MA, Kimmings AN, Wedel NI, et al. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced cytokine release and neutrophil activation in humans by use of recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:144–151. doi:10.1093/infdis/172.1.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer AJ, Scicluna BP, Moerland PD, et al. The selective sirtuin 1 activator SRT2104 reduces endotoxin-induced cytokine release and coagulation activation in humans. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:e199–202. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang X, Li J, Yu R, et al. Sepsis-related myocardial injury is associated with Mst1 upregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and the Drp1/F-actin signaling pathway. J Mol Histol. 2019;50:91–103. doi:10.1007/s10735-018-09809-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Liu D, Chai W, Long Y, Su L, Yang R. The role of uncoupling protein 2 during myocardial dysfunction in a canine model of endotoxin shock. Shock. 2015;43:292–297. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi S, Okada M, Ijiri E, et al. β(3)-Adrenergic receptor blockade reduces mortality in endotoxin-induced heart failure by suppressing induced nitric oxide synthase and saving cardiac metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;318(2):H283–H294. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00108.2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nežić L, Škrbić R, Amidžić L, Gajanin R, Kuča K, Jaćević V. Simvastatin protects cardiomyocytes against endotoxin-induced apoptosis and up-regulates survivin/NF-κB/p65 expression. Sci Rep. 2018;8:14652. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32376-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanbhag ST, Choong B, Petrov M, Delahunt B, Windsor JA, Phillips A. Acute pancreatitis conditioned mesenteric lymph causes cardiac dysfunction in rats independent of hypotension. Surgery. 2018;163(5):1097–1105. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitanga TN, de Aragão França L, Rocha VC, et al. Neutrophil-derived microparticles induce myeloperoxidase-mediated damage of vascular endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol. 2014;15:21. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-15-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahrau S, Schneider P, Loddenkemper C, Buhr HJ, Foitzik T. Pulmonary microcirculation in mild and severe experimental pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res. 2003;35(5):402–407. doi:10.1159/000072173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolettis TM, Barton M, Langleben D, Matsumura Y. Endothelin in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Cardiol Rev. 2013;21:249–256. doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e318283f65a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milnerowicz S, Milnerowicz H, Nabzdyk S, Jabłonowska M, Grabowski K, Taboła R. Plasma endothelin-1 levels in pancreatic inflammations. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2013;22:361–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foitzik T, Eibl G, Hotz HG, Faulhaber J, Kirchengast M, Buhr HJ. Endothelin receptor blockade in severe acute pancreatitis leads to systemic enhancement of microcirculation, stabilization of capillary permeability, and improved survival rates. Surgery. 2000;128:399–407. doi:10.1067/msy.2000.107104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiviniemi H, Rämö J, Ståhlberg M, et al. Prostacyclin and thromboxane in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs. J Surg Res. 1987;42:232–236. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(87)90138-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Closa D, Rosello-Catafau J, Martrat A, et al. Changes of systemic prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in sodium taurocholate- and cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:33–38. doi:10.1007/BF01296770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komara NL, Paragomi P, Greer PJ, et al. Severe acute pancreatitis: capillary permeability model linking systemic inflammation to multiorgan failure. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2020;319(5):G573–G583. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00285.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CD. Platelet-activating factor and platelet-activating factor antagonists in acute pancreatitis. Dig Surg. 1999;16:93–101. doi:10.1159/000018699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Stoppelaar SF, van ‘T Veer C, van der Poll T. The role of platelets in sepsis. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112(4):666–677. doi:10.1160/TH14-02-0126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Qi X, Chen J, Su C, Guo X. Prevalence of splanchnic vein thrombosis in pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:245460. doi:10.1155/2015/245460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomone T, Tosi P, Palareti G, et al. Coagulative disorders in human acute pancreatitis: role for the D-dimer. Pancreas. 2003;26(2):111–116. doi:10.1097/00006676-200303000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay TH, Halvorson KG, Peters CM, et al. A quantitative analysis of the sensory and sympathetic innervation of the mouse pancreas. Neuroscience. 2006;137:1417–1426. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Wang Z, Ma G, et al. Endogenous catecholamine stimulates alveolar fluid clearance in rats with acute pancreatitis. Respirology. 2009;14:195–202. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01453.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallner M, Duran JM, Mohsin S, et al. Acute catecholamine exposure causes reversible myocyte injury without cardiac regeneration. Circ Res. 2016;119:865–879. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Toit EF, Nabben M, Lochner A. A potential role for angiotensin II in obesity induced cardiac hypertrophy and ischaemic/reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005;100:346–354. doi:10.1007/s00395-005-0528-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolkis I, Gurevitch J, Yuhas Y, et al. Interaction between paracrine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and paracrine angiotensin II during myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:316–322. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01055-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JS, Taylor A, Wright IS. The effect of intravenous trypsin administration on the electrocardiogram of the rabbit. Circulation. 1954;10(3):338–342. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.10.3.338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning GW, Hall GE, Banting FG. Vagus stimulation and the production of myocardial damage. Can Med Assoc J. 1937;37(4):314–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Essandoh K, Wang X, Huang W, et al. Tumor susceptibility gene 101 ameliorates endotoxin-induced cardiac dysfunction by enhancing Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(48):18057–18068. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA119.008925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nah J, Fernández ÁF, Kitsis RN, Levine B, Sadoshima J. Does autophagy mediate cardiac myocyte death during stress. Circ Res. 2016;119:893–895. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttenschoen K, Berger D, Hiki N, et al. Endotoxin and antiendotoxin antibodies in patients with acute pancreatitis. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:459–466. doi:10.1080/110241500750008772
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Windsor JA, Fearon KC, Ross JA, et al. Role of serum endotoxin and antiendotoxin core antibody levels in predicting the development of multiple organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1993;80:1042–1046. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800800840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose SM, Verma GR, Mazumdar A, Giridhar M, Ganguly NK. Significance of serum endotoxin and antiendotoxin antibody levels in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. Surg Today. 2002;32:602–607. doi:10.1007/s005950200109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venereau E, De Leo F, Mezzapelle R, Careccia G, Musco G, Bianchi ME. HMGB1 as biomarker and drug target. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:534–544. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu GF, Guo M, Tian ZQ, Wu GZ, Zou XP, Zhang WJ. Increased of serum high-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 correlated with intestinal mucosal barrier injury in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2014;9:61. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-9-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Sun Z, Xu C, et al. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of sST2 attenuates cardiac injury in the rat with severe acute pancreatitis. Life Sci. 2018;202:167–174. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Hu Y, Huang W, et al. Soluble ST2 for prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving primary PCI. Int Heart J. 2019;60(1):19–26. doi:10.1536/ihj.18-020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iovanna J, Orelle B, Keim V, Dagorn JC. Messenger RNA sequence and expression of rat pancreatitis-associated protein, a lectin-related protein overexpressed during acute experimental pancreatitis. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(36):24664–24669. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54281-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iovanna JL, Keim V, Nordback I, et al. Serum levels of pancreatitis-associated protein as indicators of the course of acute pancreatitis. Multicentric Study Group on Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1994;106(3):728–734. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90708-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbons TP, Paolino J, Dagorn JC, Meyer TE. Usefulness of pancreatitis-associated protein, a novel biomarker, to predict severity of disease in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(1):123–126. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda T, Takeyama Y, Ueda T, et al. Increased levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(7):2048–2053. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817b8824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YK, Tang JN, Shen YL, et al. Prognostic utility of soluble TREM-1 in predicting mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(12). doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.008985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson P, Dahlström U, Broström A. The measurement and prevalence of depression in patients with chronic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006;21(1):28–36. doi:10.1111/j.0197-3118.2006.04644.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pontet J, Contreras P, Curbelo A, et al. Heart rate variability as early marker of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in septic patients. J Crit Care. 2003;18(3):156–163. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2003.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhou J, Ke L, et al. Role of heart rate variability in predicting the severity of severe acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(10):2557–2564. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3192-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Hu B, Tan Q, et al. Role of neurocrine somatostatin on sphincter of Oddi contractility and intestinal ischemia reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis in macaques. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22(8):935–41, e240. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01506.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altimari AF, Prinz RA, Leutz DW, Sandberg L, Kober PM, Raymond RM. Myocardial depression during acute pancreatitis: fact or fiction. Surgery. 1986;100(4):724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura T, Nara N, Kadosaki M, Inada K, Endo S. Prostaglandin E1 reduces myocardial reperfusion injury by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines production during cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(7):2201–2208. doi:10.1097/00003246-200007000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiping Z, Hua T, Hanqing C, et al. The protecting effects and mechanisms of Baicalin and Octreotide on heart injury in rats with SAP. Mediators Inflamm. 2007;2007:19469. doi:10.1155/2007/19469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Chen M. Fentanyl ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis-induced myocardial injury in rats by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3276–3283. doi:10.12659/MSM.902245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel EL, Lehman GA, Tarnasky P, et al. Rectal indometacin dose escalation for prevention of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in high-risk patients: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(2):132–141. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30337-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda S, Kagami T, Tani S, et al. Decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome resulting from severe acute pancreatitis: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19(1):141. doi:10.1186/s12876-019-1059-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen Y, Sun HY, Tan Z, et al. Abdominal paracentesis drainage ameliorates myocardial injury in severe experimental pancreatitis rats through suppressing oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(1):35–54. doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao G, Zhang JG, Wu HS, et al. Effects of different resuscitation fluid on severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(13):2044–2052. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i13.2044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang F, Meng H, Sun Y, et al. Factors causing abnormal heart failure after successful fluid resuscitation on acute pancreatitis patients. Pancreas. 2020;49(4):e33–e35. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000001532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye B, Mao W, Chen Y, et al. Aggressive resuscitation is associated with the development of acute kidney injury in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(2):544–552. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5328-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Ma L, Song X, Fei J, Chen E, Mao E. Beneficial effects of fluid resuscitation via the rectum on hemodynamic disorders and multiple organ injuries in an experimental severe acute pancreatitis model. Pancreatology. 2015;15(6):626–634. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2015.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombocz K, Beledi A, Alotti N, et al. Influence of dextran-70 on systemic inflammatory response and myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion following cardiac operations. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):R87. doi:10.1186/cc6095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XP, Feng GH, Zhang J, et al. Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae on the hearts of rats with severe acute pancreatits or obstructive jaundice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(3):193–202. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0820179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao S, Taguchi K, Sakai H, et al. Carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin vesicles ameliorate multiorgan injuries induced by severe acute pancreatitis in mice by their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:5611–5620. doi:10.2147/IJN.S118185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou R, Weng F, Dai W, Yan J. [The organ protective effects and timing of continuous blood purification in the treatment of severe sepsis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2016;28(3):241–245. (Chinese).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirota M, Takada T, Kitamura N, et al. Fundamental and intensive care of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17(1):45–52. doi:10.1007/s00534-009-0210-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani T, Fujino M, Hanasawa K, Shimizu T, Endo Y, Kodama M. Bacterial translocation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11):3705–3709. doi:10.1097/00003246-200011000-00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oláh A, Romics L Jr. Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a review of the current evidence. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(43):16123–16131. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao P, Cui M, Li Y, Deng Y, Wu H. Effects of rhubarb on intestinal flora and toll-like receptors of intestinal mucosa in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2015;44(5):799–804. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman RM, Sharpe MD, Jagger JE, et al. 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016. Crit Care. 2016:20(Suppl 2):94. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6
   Google Scholar
• Wang S, Cheng ZY, Chen XJ, Xue HZ. Ulinastatin protects rats with myocardial infarction by activating Nrf2/NOS pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(24):8990–8998. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201812_16670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian H, Zhang M, Du C, et al. Effects of Rhubarb combined with ulinastatin on T-cell subsets in sepsis rats. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(1):1234–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Liu Y, Zhou SF, et al. Effect of somatostatin, ulinastatin and gabexate on the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Med Sci. 2016;351(5):506–512. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Htwe T, Suzuki M, Ouchi K, Fukuhara K, Matsuno S. Effects of urinastatin and free radical scavengers on hepatic lipid peroxidation in endotoxemia. J Surg Res. 1996;61(1):206–214. doi:10.1006/jsre.1996.0106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MJ. From pathophysiology to targeted therapy for atherothrombosis: a role for the combination of statin and aspirin in secondary prevention. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113(1):184–196. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Jin L, Zhuang Y, Hu Y, Cang J, Guo K. Cardioprotective effect of rosuvastatin against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction injury in rats. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(6):3509–3516. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke D, Fang J, Fan L, Chen Z, Chen L. Regulatory T cells contribute to rosuvastatin-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Coron Artery Dis. 2013;24(4):334–341. doi:10.1097/MCA.0b013e3283608c12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison DH, Felker GM. Diuretic treatment in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1964–1975. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1703100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche C, Maertin S, Scheiber J, Ritter CA, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Drug-induced pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2012;14(2):131–138. doi:10.1007/s11894-012-0245-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(9):1928–1948. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000139761.05492.D6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanani NK, Cowan DB, Takeuchi K, et al. Differential effects of amrinone and milrinone upon myocardial inflammatory signaling. Circulation. 2002;106(12 Suppl 1):I284–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamashita S, Suzuki T, Iguchi K, et al. Cardioprotective and functional effects of levosimendan and milrinone in mice with cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018;391(9):1021–1032. doi:10.1007/s00210-018-1527-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Li YQ, Sun ZW, et al. Qingyi decoction protects against myocardial injuries induced by severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(12):1317–1328. doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i12.1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Tian Y, Wang C, Zhang P, You S. Protective effect of Lai Fu Cheng Qi decoction on severe acute pancreatitis-induced myocardial injury in a rat model. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(4):1133–1140. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao YF, Kang HX, Li J, et al. Effect of Sheng-jiang powder on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in acute pancreatitis in rats fed a high-fat diet. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(6):683–695. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i6.683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar