Computational Systems Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experiments Reveal the Protective Mechanism of Li-Da-Qian Mixture in the Treatment of Glomerulonephritis

References

• Cook HT, Pickering MC. in Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney 7th edn Vol. 1 Ch. 9 (eds Jennette, J. C. et al.) 341–366 (Wolters Kluwer, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Phillips TM, Fadia M, Lea-Henry TN, et al. MMP2 and MMP9 associate with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(2):215–220. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfw111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauvois B, Mothu N, Nguyen J, et al. Specific changes in plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and −9, TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 in patients with distinct types of primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(4):1115–1122. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vira H, Pradhan V, Umare V, et al. Role of MMP-7 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus. 2017;26(9):937–943. doi:10.1177/0961203316682855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoskar AA, Nadasdy T, Silva F. in Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney 7th edn Vol. 1 Ch. 10 (eds Jennette, J. C. et al.) (Wolters Kluwer, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. A Review of the Technical Basis for the Control of Conditions Associated with GAS Infections. WHO; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Satoskar AA, Parikh SV, Nadasdy T. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes of infection-associated glomerulonephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(1):32–50. doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0178-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava A, Cai X, Mehta R, et al. Hospitalization trajectories and risks of ESKD and death in individuals with CKD. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(6):1592–1602. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu C, Huang S, Ding G, et al. Protective effects of Huang Qi Huai granules on Adriamycin nephrosis in rats. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(6):905–913. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1808-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan SB, Pan P, Xu Q, et al. Preliminary study of Huai Qi Huang granules delay the development of primary glomerular diseases in human. Ren Fail. 2014;36(9):1407–1410. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2014.952746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Meng X, Xu M, et al. Celastrol ameliorates cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibiting NF-kappaB and improving mitochondrial function. EBioMedicine. 2018;36:266–280. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma YG. Observation of Li-Da-Qian Mixture in Treating Children with Acute Nephritis. Jiangsu J Trad Chinese Med. 1989;(07). Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD8589&filename=JSZY198907007&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=SZlcFWxljn5WjufprGzYbWHrDjrWKC0lkn-FsAxarOlevt9DMj8yL3VVLnlp0XI0. Accessed November 26, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Lee WY, Lee CY, Kim YS, et al. The methodological trends of traditional herbal medicine employing network pharmacology. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8). doi:10.3390/biom9080362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ru J, Li P, Wang J, et al. TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines. J Cheminform. 2014;6:13. doi:10.1186/1758-2946-6-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Zheng C, Li Y, et al. Systems pharmacology in drug discovery and therapeutic insight for herbal medicines. Brief Bioinform. 2014;15(5):710–733. doi:10.1093/bib/bbt035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebhan M, Chalifa-Caspi V, Prilusky J, et al. GeneCards: a novel functional genomics compendium with automated data mining and query reformulation support. Bioinformatics. 1998;14(8):656–664. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.8.656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amberger JS, Hamosh A. Searching Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): a knowledgebase of human genes and genetic phenotypes. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2017;58:212. doi:10.1002/cpbi.27
   Google Scholar
• Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D607–D613. doi:10.1093/nar/gky1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao X, Sherman BT, Da Huang W, et al. DAVID-WS: a stateful web service to facilitate gene/protein list analysis. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(13):1805–1806. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosdidier A, Zoete V, Michielin O. SwissDock, a protein-small molecule docking web service based on EADock DSS. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(WebServer issue):W270–277. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanji N, Markowitz GS, Fu C, et al. Expression of advanced glycation end products and their cellular receptor RAGE in diabetic nephropathy and nondiabetic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(9):1656–1666. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1191656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan RZ, Wang C, Deng C, et al. Quercetin protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting Mincle/Syk/NF-kappaB signaling maintained macrophage inflammation. Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):139–152. doi:10.1002/ptr.6507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu B, Feng Y, Gui Y, et al. Blockade of CD38 diminishes lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage classical activation and acute kidney injury involving NF-kappaB signaling suppression. Cell Signal. 2018;42:249–258. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei D, Chengcheng L, Xuan Q, et al. Quercetin inhibited mesangial cell proliferation of early diabetic nephropathy through the Hippo pathway. Pharmacol Res. 2019;146:104320. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Shi Q, Xu X, et al. Quercetin suppresses NF-kappaB and MCP-1 expression in a high glucose-induced human mesangial cell proliferation model. Int J Mol Med. 2012;30(1):119–125. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2012.955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres-Hernando A, Li N, Cicerchi C, et al. Protective role of fructokinase blockade in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury in mice. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14181. doi:10.1038/ncomms14181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyagbemi AA, Akinrinde AS, Adebiyi OE, et al. Luteolin supplementation ameliorates cobalt-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by suppressing NF-кB/Kim-1 signaling in the heart and kidney of rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020;80:103488. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong X, Zhao X, Wang G, et al. Luteolin treatment protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:9783893. doi:10.1155/2017/9783893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin SB, Yan H, Ma J, et al. Protective effects of luteolin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute renal injury in mice. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:5173–5180. doi:10.12659/msm.898177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domitrovic R, Cvijanovic O, Pugel EP, et al. Luteolin ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice through inhibition of platinum accumulation, inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney. Toxicology. 2013;310:115–123. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu BD, Mahesh Kumar J, Sistla R. Baicalein, a bioflavonoid, prevents cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by up-regulating antioxidant defenses and down-regulating the MAPKs and NF-kappaB pathways. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0134139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Shi G, Wang J, et al. Baicalein ameliorates pristane-induced lupus nephritis via activating Nrf2/HO-1 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):105. doi:10.1186/s13075-019-1876-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee EK, Kim JM, Choi J, et al. Modulation of NF-kappaB and FOXOs by baicalein attenuates the radiation-induced inflammatory process in mouse kidney. Free Radic Res. 2011;45(5):507–517. doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.555479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Li H, Tian J, et al. Protective effect of baicalein on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Ren Fail. 2015;37(2):285–291. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2014.991999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhou PH, Xu CG, et al. Baicalein ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing myofibroblast apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. BJU Int. 2016;118(1):145–152. doi:10.1111/bju.13219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouqueray B, Boutard V, Philippe C, et al. Mesangial cell-derived interleukin-10 modulates mesangial cell response to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Pathol. 1995;147(1):176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang TT, Wang B, Wu M, et al. Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated IL-10 as novel nanotherapeutics against ischemic AKI. Sci Adv. 2020;6(33):eaaz0748. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armata HL, Golebiowski D, Jung DY, et al. Requirement of the ATM/p53 tumor suppressor pathway for glucose homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol. 2010;30(24):5787–5794. doi:10.1128/MCB.00347-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao C, Herr D, Chun J, et al. Ser18 and 23 phosphorylation is required for p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor suppression. EMBO J. 2006;25(11):2615–2622. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellenstein MD, Coffelt SB, Duits DEM, et al. Loss of p53 triggers WNT-dependent systemic inflammation to drive breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2019;572(7770):538–542. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1450-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pribluda A, Elyada E, Wiener Z, et al. A senescence-inflammatory switch from cancer-inhibitory to cancer-promoting mechanism. Cancer Cell. 2013;24(2):242–256. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang X, Wang H, Fan L, et al. Luteolin inhibits Nrf2 leading to negative regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway and sensitization of human lung carcinoma A549 cells to therapeutic drugs. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(11):1599–1609. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Luo W, Qian Y, et al. Luteolin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation and activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses. Phytomedicine. 2019;59:152774. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang KA, Piao MJ, Hyun YJ, et al. Luteolin promotes apoptotic cell death via upregulation of Nrf2 expression by DNA demethylase and the interaction of Nrf2 with p53 in human colon cancer cells. Exp Mol Med. 2019;51(4):1–14. doi:10.1038/s12276-019-0238-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao JR, Jiang NN, Jiang H, et al. Effects of Qi Teng Xiao Zhuo granules on circRNA expression profiles in rats with chronic glomerulonephritis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:1901–1913. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S191386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Nunez L, Lozano ML, Martinez C, et al. Effect of quercetin on platelet spreading on collagen and fibrinogen and on multiple platelet kinases. Fitoterapia. 2010;81(2):75–80. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Yang Q, Zhang X, et al. Quercetin alleviates kidney fibrosis by reducing renal tubular epithelial cell senescence through the SIRT1/PINK1/mitophagy axis. Life Sci. 2020;257:118116. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos M, Poletti PT, Favero G, et al. Protective effects of quercetin treatment in a pristane-induced mouse model of lupus nephritis. Autoimmunity. 2018;51(2):69–80. doi:10.1080/08916934.2018.1442828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei B, Zhang Y, Tang L, et al. Protective effects of quercetin against inflammation and oxidative stress in a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis. Drug Dev Res. 2019;80(3):360–367. doi:10.1002/ddr.21510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BH, Choi JS, Yi EH, et al. Relative antioxidant activities of quercetin and its structurally related substances and their effects on NF-kappaB/CRE/AP-1 signaling in murine macrophages. Mol Cells. 2013;35(5):410–420. doi:10.1007/s10059-013-0031-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu MC, Chen JH, Lai CY, et al. Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1-5, displaced [3H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;627(1–3):269–275. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xagorari A, Papapetropoulos A, Mauromatis A, et al. Luteolin inhibits an endotoxin-stimulated phosphorylation cascade and proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;296(1):181–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Elsaad N, El-Karef A. Protection against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through targeting IL-18 and IL-1alpha by luteolin. Pharmacol Rep. 2019;71(4):688–694. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2019.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si D, Wang Y, Zhou YH, et al. Mechanism of CYP2C9 inhibition by flavones and flavonols. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(3):629–634. doi:10.1124/dmd.108.023416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh DE, Liu LT, Lin CC. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of baicalein, baicalin and wogonin. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(5A):2861–2865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrago T, Kichik N, Claasen B, et al. Baicalin, a prodrug able to reach the CNS, is a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008;16(15):7516–7524. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakahama K, Morita I, Murota S. Effects of endogenously produced arachidonic acid metabolites on rat mesangial cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994;51(3):177–182. doi:10.1016/0952-3278(94)90131-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar