Progranulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Immune-Mediated Diseases

References

• Tao JH, Cheng M, Tang JP, Liu Q, Pan F, Li XP. Foxp3, regulatory T cell, and autoimmune diseases. Inflammation. 2017;40(1):328–339. doi:10.1007/s10753-016-0470-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdolmaleki F, Kovanen PT, Mardani R, Gheibi-Hayat SM, Bo S, Sahebkar A. Resolvins: emerging players in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;58(1):82–91. doi:10.1007/s12016-019-08754-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian J, Konopka J, Liu C. Insights into the role of progranulin in immunity, infection, and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;93(2):199–208. doi:10.1189/jlb.0812429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei F, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yu X, Liu CJ. Progranulin facilitates conversion and function of regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112110. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang W, Lu Y, Tian QY, et al. The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice. Science. 2011;332(6028):478–484. doi:10.1126/science.1199214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei F, Zhang Y, Jian J, et al. PGRN protects against colitis progression in mice in an IL-10 and TNFR2 dependent manner. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7023. doi:10.1038/srep07023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Li L, Xiao L, Shangguan J. Progranulin ameliorates coxsackievirus-B3-induced viral myocarditis by downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells. Exp Cell Res. 2018;367(2):241–250. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park B, Buti L, Lee S, et al. Granulin is a soluble cofactor for toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Immunity. 2011;34(4):505–513. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen HH, Yang YX, Meng X, et al. NLRP3: a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(7):694–702. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moresco EM, Beutler B. Special delivery: granulin brings CpG DNA to Toll-like receptor 9. Immunity. 2011;34(4):453–455. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: a conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2019;45:53–64. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing C, Zhang X, Song Z, Zheng Y, Yin Y. Progranulin Mediates Proinflammatory Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2020;40(1):33–42. doi:10.1089/jir.2019.0047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman A, Cheung ST, Bennett HPJ, Brief A. Overview of Progranulin in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1806:3–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhandari V, Palfree RG, Bateman A. Isolation and sequence of the granulin precursor cDNA from human bone marrow reveals tandem cysteine-rich granulin domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(5):1715–1719. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.5.1715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrabal R, Chen Z, James S, Bennett HP, Ni F. The hairpin stack fold, a novel protein architecture for a new family of protein growth factors. Nat Struct Biol. 1996;3(9):747–752. doi:10.1038/nsb0996-747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palfree RG, Bennett HP, Bateman A. The Evolution of the Secreted Regulatory Protein Progranulin. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0133749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowman GD, Green JM, Neubauer MG, et al. The epithelin precursor encodes two proteins with opposing activities on epithelial cell growth. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(18):13073–13078. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42382-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian J, Li G, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. Progranulin: a key player in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine. 2018;101:48–55. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel R, He Z, Carmichael KP, Halper J, Bateman A. Cellular localization of gene expression for progranulin. J Histochem Cytochem. 2000;48(7):999–1009. doi:10.1177/002215540004800713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkau TL, Leavitt BR. Progranulin in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37(7):388–398. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsubara T, Mita A, Minami K, et al. PGRN is a key adipokine mediating high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity through IL-6 in adipose tissue. Cell Metab. 2012;15(1):38–50. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, et al. The novel adipokine progranulin counteracts IL-1 and TLR4-driven inflammatory response in human and murine chondrocytes via TNFR1. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20356. doi:10.1038/srep20356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan CX, Kinch MS, Kiener PA, et al. PC cell-derived growth factor expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(4):1333–1337. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-1123-03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung PF, Cheng CK, Wong NC, et al. Granulin-epithelin precursor is an oncofetal protein defining hepatic cancer stem cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farag AGA, Shoaib MA, Samaka RM, Abdou AG, Mandour MM, Ibrahim RAL. Progranulin and beta-catenin in psoriasis: an immunohistochemical study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(6):2019–2026. doi:10.1111/jocd.12966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Suenaga N, Edelmann MJ, Fridman R, Muschel RJ, Kessler BM. Novel MMP-9 substrates in cancer cells revealed by a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008;7(11):2215–2228. doi:10.1074/mcp.M800095-MCP200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh HS, Choi N, Tarassishin L, Lee SC. Regulation of progranulin expression in human microglia and proteolysis of progranulin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12). PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35115. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler GS, Dean RA, Tam EM, Overall CM. Pharmacoproteomics of a metalloproteinase hydroxamate inhibitor in breast cancer cells: dynamics of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-mediated membrane protein shedding. Mol Cell Biol. 2008;28(15):4896–4914. doi:10.1128/MCB.01775-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungurs MJ, Sinden NJ, Stockley RA. Progranulin is a substrate for neutrophil-elastase and proteinase-3 in the airway and its concentration correlates with mediators of airway inflammation in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2014;306(1):L80–87. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00221.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessenbrock K, Frohlich L, Sixt M, et al. Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase enhance inflammation in mice by inactivating antiinflammatory progranulin. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(7):2438–2447. doi:10.1172/JCI34694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Nathan C, Jin W, et al. Conversion of proepithelin to epithelins: roles of SLPI and elastase in host defense and wound repair. Cell. 2002;111(6):867–878. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01141-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vercellino M, Grifoni S, Romagnolo A, et al. Progranulin expression in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid levels in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17(10):1194–1201. doi:10.1177/1352458511406164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samejima T, Nagamatsu T, Akiba N, et al. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and progranulin as possible regulators of cervical remodeling in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2021;143:103241. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2020.103241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okura H, Yamashita S, Ohama T, et al. HDL/apolipoprotein A-I binds to macrophage-derived progranulin and suppresses its conversion into proinflammatory granulins. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17(6):568–577. doi:10.5551/jat.3921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ. Progranulin: a promising therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(23):3675–3680. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Q, Zhao Y, Mundra JJ, et al. Three TNFR-binding domains of PGRN act independently in inhibition of TNF-alpha binding and activity. Front Biosci. 2014;19:1176–1185. doi:10.2741/4274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Q, Zhao S, Liu C. A solid-phase assay for studying direct binding of progranulin to TNFR and progranulin antagonism of TNF/TNFR interactions. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1155:163–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thurner L, Fadle N, Regitz E, et al. The molecular basis for development of proinflammatory autoantibodies to progranulin. J Autoimmun. 2015;61:17–28. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Li XX, Gao W, Liu W, Liu DS. Progranulin-derived Atsttrin directly binds to TNFRSF25 (DR3) and inhibits TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) activity. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Li S, Shi J, et al. Serum progranulin irrelated with Breg cell levels, but elevated in RA patients, reflecting high disease activity. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(3):359–364. doi:10.1007/s00296-015-3372-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian G, Jin X, Wang Q, Ye T, Li G, Liu J. Recent advances in the study of progranulin and its role in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;79:106090. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W, Hu W, Shi L, et al. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis. FASEB J. 2017;31(4):1354–1367. doi:10.1096/fj.201601134R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson Z, Power CA, Weiss C, et al. Chemokine inhibition–why, when, where, which and how? Biochem Soc Trans. 2004;32(Pt 2):366–377. doi:10.1042/bst0320366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuan WP, Tam LS, Wong CK, et al. CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 as Sensitive markers of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(2):257–264. doi:10.3899/jrheum.090769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EY, Lee ZH, Song YW. The interaction between CXCL10 and cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12(5):554–557. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruschpler P, Lorenz P, Eichler W, et al. High CXCR3 expression in synovial mast cells associated with CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression in inflammatory synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5(5):R241–252. doi:10.1186/ar783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundra JJ, Jian J, Bhagat P, Liu CJ. Progranulin inhibits expression and release of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in a TNFR1 dependent manner. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21115. doi:10.1038/srep21115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu K, Zhang Y, Ilalov K, et al. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein associates with granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) and potentiates GEP-stimulated chondrocyte proliferation. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(15):11347–11355. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608744200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng JQ, Guo FJ, Jiang BC, et al. Granulin epithelin precursor: a bone morphogenic protein 2-inducible growth factor that activates Erk1/2 signaling and JunB transcription factor in chondrogenesis. FASEB J. 2010;24(6):1879–1892. doi:10.1096/fj.09-144659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao YP, Tian QY, Frenkel S, Liu CJ. The promotion of bone healing by progranulin, a downstream molecule of BMP-2, through interacting with TNF/TNFR signaling. Biomaterials. 2013;34(27):6412–6421. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J, Zhang L, Ding Y, et al. Progranulin promotes diabetic fracture healing in mice with type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1460(1):43–56. doi:10.1111/nyas.14208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turesson C, Bergstrom U, Jacobsson LT, Truedsson L, Berglund G, Saxne T. Increased cartilage turnover and circulating autoantibodies in different subsets before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):520–522. doi:10.1136/ard.2010.131896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posey KL, Coustry F, Hecht JT. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: cOMPopathies and beyond. Matrix Biol. 2018;71–72:161–173. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Zhang J, Yang JX. Growth factor progranulin blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15(3):215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neidhart M, Hauser N, Paulsson M, DiCesare PE, Michel BA, Hauselmann HJ. Small fragments of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in synovial fluid and serum as markers for cartilage degradation. Br J Rheumatol. 1997;36(11):1151–1160. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/36.11.1151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu CJ, Kong W, Ilalov K, et al. ADAMTS-7: a metalloproteinase that directly binds to and degrades cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. FASEB J. 2006;20(7):988–990. doi:10.1096/fj.05-3877fje
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Kong W, Xu K, et al. ADAMTS-12 associates with and degrades cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(23):15800–15808. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513433200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo F, Lai Y, Tian Q, Lin EA, Kong L, Liu C. Granulin-epithelin precursor binds directly to ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and inhibits their degradation of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(7):2023–2036. doi:10.1002/art.27491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature. 2000;408(6813):740–745. doi:10.1038/35047123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieg AM. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:709–760. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latz E, Verma A, Visintin A, et al. Ligand-induced conformational changes allosterically activate Toll-like receptor 9. Nat Immunol. 2007;8(7):772–779. doi:10.1038/ni1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YM, Brinkmann MM, Paquet ME, Ploegh HL. UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes. Nature. 2008;452(7184):234–238. doi:10.1038/nature06726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewald SE, Lee BL, Lau L, et al. The ectodomain of Toll-like receptor 9 is cleaved to generate a functional receptor. Nature. 2008;456(7222):658–662. doi:10.1038/nature07405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avalos AM, Kirak O, Oelkers JM, et al. Cell-specific TLR9 trafficking in primary APCs of transgenic TLR9-GFP mice. J Immunol. 2013;190(2):695–702. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latz E, Schoenemeyer A, Visintin A, et al. TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. Nat Immunol. 2004;5(2):190–198. doi:10.1038/ni1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei W, Ren J, Yin W, et al. Inhibition of Ctsk modulates periodontitis with arthritis via downregulation of TLR9 and autophagy. Cell Prolif. 2020;53(1):e12722. doi:10.1111/cpr.12722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka A, Tsukamoto H, Mitoma H, et al. Serum progranulin levels are elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, reflecting disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(6):R244. doi:10.1186/ar4087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu GC, Pan HF, Leng RX, et al. Emerging role of long noncoding RNAs in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(9):798–805. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan HF, Li XP, Zheng SG, Ye DQ. Emerging role of interleukin-22 in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2013;24(1):51–57. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao L, Hou C. miR-138 activates NF-kappaB signaling and PGRN to promote rheumatoid arthritis via regulating HDAC4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;519(1):166–171. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Nucera V, Masala IF, Sarzi-Puttini P, Bonitta G. Il-6 Involvement in pain, fatigue and mood disorders in rheumatoid arthritis and the effects of Il-6 inhibitor sarilumab. Pharmacol Res. 2019;149:104402. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Takemura M, Serrero G, et al. Increased serum GP88 (Progranulin) concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation. 2014;37(5):1806–1813. doi:10.1007/s10753-014-9911-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurner L, Preuss KD, Fadle N, et al. Progranulin antibodies in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2013;42:29–38. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2012.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills JA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(26):1871–1879. doi:10.1056/NEJM199406303302608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MY, Flood K, Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Clarke AE. A review on SLE and malignancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(3):373–396. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu F, Song L, Ding F, et al. Expression level of the growth factor progranulin is related with development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8:88. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-8-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Zhang X, Chen A, et al. Progranulin Promotes Bleomycin-Induced Skin Sclerosis by Enhancing Transforming Growth Factor-beta/Smad3 Signaling through Up-Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I Receptor. Am J Pathol. 2019;189(8):1582–1593. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham DJ, Varga J. Scleroderma: from cell and molecular mechanisms to disease models. Trends Immunol. 2005;26(11):587–595. doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Varga J. Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;8(1):42–54. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1747–1755. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagawa T, Ichimura Y, Nakamura K, et al. Progranulin overproduction due to constitutively activated c-Abl/PKC-delta/Fli1 pathway contributes to the resistance of dermal fibroblasts to the anti-fibrotic effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in localized scleroderma. J Dermatol Sci. 2018;92(2):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Sato S, Nagaoka T, Fujimoto M, Takehara K. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-13 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. Dermatology. 2003;207(2):141–147. doi:10.1159/000071783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez J, Hernandez MV, Galve J, Canete JD, Sanmarti R. Morphea associated with the use of Adalimumab: a case report and review of the literature. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22(4):602–604. doi:10.3109/s10165-011-0550-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattozzi C, Richetta AG, Cantisani C, et al. Morphea, an unusual side effect of anti-TNF-alpha treatment. Eur J Dermatol. 2010;20(3):400–401. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.0946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaser A, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Inflammatory bowel disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2010;28:573–621. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atreya I, Atreya R, Neurath MF. NF-kappaB in inflammatory bowel disease. J Intern Med. 2008;263(6):591–596. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01953.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurner L, Stoger E, Fadle N, et al. Proinflammatory progranulin antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(8):1733–1742. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3089-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian R, Li Y, Yao X. PGRN Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Autophagy in Keratinocytes Through the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Inflammation. 2016;39(4):1387–1394. doi:10.1007/s10753-016-0370-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greb JE, Goldminz AM, Elder JT, et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16082. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang K, Chen A, Zhang X, et al. Progranulin is preferentially expressed in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and protects mice from psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Immunology. 2015;145(2):279–287. doi:10.1111/imm.12446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng P, Li Z, Zhou Z. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: a comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(7):e3043. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31(6):752–759. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalah MA, Ayache SS. Is there a link between inflammation and fatigue in multiple sclerosis? J Inflamm Res. 2018;11:253–264. doi:10.2147/JIR.S167199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlitzki M, Sweeney-Reed CM, Bittner D, et al. CSF-Progranulin and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Patients With Radiologically Isolated Syndrome-Sign of Inflammation. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1075. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao J, Herl LD, Farese RV, Gao FB. MicroRNA-29b regulates the expression level of human progranulin, a secreted glycoprotein implicated in frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):e10551. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Li Q, Wang J, et al. MiR-29b-3p promotes chondrocyte apoptosis and facilitates the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis by targeting PGRN. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21(12):3347–3359. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie W, Lu Q, Wang K, et al. miR-34b-5p inhibition attenuates lung inflammation and apoptosis in an LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model by targeting progranulin. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(9):6615–6631. doi:10.1002/jcp.26274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakawa S, Sakuma H, Warude D, et al. Anti-sortilin1 Antibody Up-Regulates Progranulin via Sortilin1 Down-Regulation. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:586107. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.586107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Q, Zhu S, Wu Y, et al. Intra-articular transplantation of atsttrin-transduced mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate osteoarthritis development. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2015;4(5):523–531. doi:10.5966/sctm.2014-0200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman A, Bennett HP. The granulin gene family: from cancer to dementia. Bioessays. 2009;31(11):1245–1254. doi:10.1002/bies.200900086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura N, Mandai M, Miyanishi M, et al. Oncogenic property of acrogranin in human uterine leiomyosarcoma: direct evidence of genetic contribution in in vivo tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(5):1402–1411. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altmann C, Vasic V, Hardt S, et al. Progranulin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and reinnervation: role of notch signaling. Mol Neurodegener. 2016;11(1):69. doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0132-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neill T, Buraschi S, Goyal A, et al. EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin. J Cell Biol. 2016;215(5):687–703. doi:10.1083/jcb.201603079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuksin CA, Minter LM. The Link between Autoimmunity and Lymphoma: does NOTCH Signaling Play a Contributing Role? Front Oncol. 2015;5:51. doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanmohammadi S, Shabani M, Tabary M, Rayzan E, Rezaei N. Lymphoma in the setting of autoimmune diseases: a review of association and mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2020;150:102945. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Liang Y, Tian W, et al. Antitumor Activity and Mechanism of Robustic Acid from Dalbergia benthami Prain via Computational Target Fishing. Molecules. 2020;25(17):254. doi:10.3390/molecules25173919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar