Toll-Like Receptor 4 Polymorphisms (896A/G and 1196C/T) as an Indicator of COVID-19 Severity in a Convenience Sample of Egyptian Patients

References

• Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; January, 2021. PMID: 32150360.
   Google Scholar
• Cron RQ, Caricchio R, Chatham WW. Calming the cytokine storm in COVID-19. Nat Med. 2021;27(10):1674–1675. PMID: 34480126. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01500-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, et al. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):33. PMID: 32296069; PMCID: PMC7100419. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-0148-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouad SH, Allam MF, Ibrahim S, et al. ICU admission of COVID-19 patients: identification of risk factors. Egypt J Anaesth. 2021;37(1):202–207. doi:10.1080/11101849.2021.1919433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboudounya MM, Heads RJ. COVID-19 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 may bind and activate TLR4 to increase ACE2 expression, facilitating entry and causing hyperinflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2021;2021:8874339. PMID: 33505220; PMCID: PMC7811571. doi:10.1155/2021/8874339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh T, Akira S. Toll-like receptor signaling and its inducible proteins. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(6). PMID: 28084212. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0040-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kate Gadanec L, Qaradakhi T, Renee McSweeney K, Ashiana Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Dual targeting of Toll-like receptor 4 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a proposed approach to SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Future Microbiol. 2021;16:205–209. PMID: 33569984; PMCID: PMC7885526. doi:10.2217/fmb-2021-0018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onofrio L, Caraglia M, Facchini G, Margherita V, Placido S, Buonerba C. Toll-like receptors and COVID-19: a two-faced story with an exciting ending. Future Sci OA. 2020;6(8):FSO605. PMID: 32974046; PMCID: PMC7434222. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2020-0091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte C. Possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson’s disease: the role of toll-like receptor 4. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7135. PMID: 34281186; PMCID: PMC8269350. doi:10.3390/ijms22137135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. Accessed November 22, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Prokop M, Van Everdingen W, Van Rees Vellinga T, et al. CO-RADS: a categorical CT assessment scheme for patients suspected of having COVID-19 definition and evaluation. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E97–E104. PMID: 32339082; PMCID: PMC7233402. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020201473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francone M, Iafrate F, Masci GM, et al. Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: correlation with disease severity and short-term prognosis. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(12):6808–6817. PMID: 32623505; PMCID: PMC7334627. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-07033-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes at chest CT during recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295(3):715–721. PMID: 32053470; PMCID: PMC7233367. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senhaji N, Diakité B, Serbati N, Zaid Y, Badre W, Nadifi S. Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms: new data and a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:206. PMID: 25492126; PMCID: PMC4279599. doi:10.1186/s12876-014-0206-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folwaczny M, Glas J, Török HP, Limbersky O, Folwaczny C. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 mutations in periodontal disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;135(2):330–335. PMID: 14738464; PMCID: PMC1808953. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02383.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolfaghari Emameh R, Nosrati H, Eftekhari M, Falak R, Khoshmirsafa M. Expansion of single cell transcriptomics data of SARS-CoV infection in human bronchial epithelial cells to COVID-19. Biol Proced Online. 2020;22:16. PMID: 32754004; PMCID: PMC7377208. doi:10.1186/s12575-020-00127-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trejo-de la O A, Hernández-Sancén P, Maldonado-Bernal C. Relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human TLR genes to infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Genes Immun. 2014;15(4):199–209. PMID: 24622688. doi:10.1038/gene.2014.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet. 2000;25(2):187–191. PMID: 10835634. doi:10.1038/76048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiechl S, Lorenz E, Reindl M, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):185–192. PMID: 12124407. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber RC, Aragaki CC, Rivera-Chavez FA, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, Horton JW. TLR4 and TNF-alpha polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk for severe sepsis following burn injury. J Med Genet. 2004;41(11):808–813. PMID: 15520404; PMCID: PMC1383768. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.021600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz E, Hallman M, Marttila R, Haataja R, Schwartz DA. Association between the Asp299Gly polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 4 and premature births in the Finnish population. Pediatr Res. 2002;52(3):373–376. PMID: 12193670. doi:10.1203/00006450-200209000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning BL, Huebner C, Petermann I, et al. Has toll-like receptor 4 been prematurely dismissed as an inflammatory bowel disease gene? Association study combined with meta-analysis shows strong evidence for association. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2504–2512. PMID: 17850411. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01463.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes AH, Asensi V, Alvarez V, et al. The Toll-like receptor 4 (Asp299Gly) polymorphism is a risk factor for Gram-negative and haematogenous osteomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;143(3):404–413. PMID: 16487238; PMCID: PMC1809620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.03002.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karoly E, Fekete A, Banki NF, et al. Heat shock protein 72 (HSPA1B) gene polymorphism and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mutation are associated with increased risk of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Res. 2007;61(3):371–374. Erratum in: Pediatr Res. 2007 Oct;62(4):482. PMID: 17314700. doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318030d1f4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulic MK, Hurrelbrink RJ, Prêle CM, et al. TLR4 polymorphisms mediate impaired responses to respiratory syncytial virus and lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol. 2007;179(1):132–140. PMID: 17579031. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Graaf CA, Netea MG, Morré SA, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile polymorphisms are a risk factor for Candida bloodstream infection. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006;17(1):29–34. PMID: 16613760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabst S, Baumgarten G, Stremmel A, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 polymorphisms are associated with a chronic course of sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;143(3):420–426. PMID: 16487240; PMCID: PMC1809614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03008.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trejo-de la O A, Torres J, Pérez-Rodríguez M, et al. TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms alter mucosal cytokine and chemokine patterns in Mexican patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases. Clin Immunol. 2008;129(2):333–340. PMID: 18755634. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmig S, Fischbach W, Goebeler-Kolve ME, Fölsch UR, Hampe J, Schreiber S. Association study of a functional Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with susceptibility to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46(6):869–872. PMID: 16019531. doi:10.1080/1042819050086451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudofsky G Jr, Reismann P, Witte S, et al. Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile genotypes of the TLR4 gene are associated with a reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):179–183. PMID: 14693986. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SM, Burch LH, Mir S, et al. Donor polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor-4 influence the development of rejection after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2006;20(1):30–36. PMID: 16556150. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00436.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minoretti P, Gazzaruso C, Vito CD, et al. Effect of the functional toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism on susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2006;391(3):147–149. PMID: 16157451. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaghanzadeh N, Naderi N, Pournasrollah N, Farahbakhsh E, Kheirandish M, Samiei A. TLR4 polymorphisms (896A>G and 1196C>T) affect the predisposition to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:1015–1021. PMID: 32308451; PMCID: PMC7138628. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S238942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malays J Pathol. 2020;42(1):3–11. PMID: 32342926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolfaghari Emameh R, Falak R, Bahreini E. Application of system biology to explore the association of neprilysin, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Biol Proced Online. 2020;22:11. PMID: 32572334; PMCID: PMC7302923. doi:10.1186/s12575-020-00124-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roncati L, Nasillo V, Lusenti B, Riva G. Signals of Th2 immune response from COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(6):1419–1420. PMID: 32382776; PMCID: PMC7205481. doi:10.1007/s00277-020-04066-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandão SCS, Ramos JOX, Dompieri LT, et al. Is Toll-like receptor 4 involved in the severity of COVID-19 pathology in patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021;58:102–110. PMID: 32988728; PMCID: PMC7505161. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Xu Z, Ji J, Wen C. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1708. PMID: 32754163; PMCID: PMC7365923. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino P, Falvella FS, Cheli S, Perrotta C, Clementi E, Radice S. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in vaccine immune response. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016;16(1):96–101. PMID: 25823688. doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar