Role of Ferroptosis in Fibrotic Diseases

References

• Distler JHW, Györfi AH, Ramanujam M, Whitfield ML, Königshoff M, Lafyatis R. Shared and distinct mechanisms of fibrosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(12):705–730. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0322-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature. 2020;587(7835):555–566. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun JI, Lau LF. Resolution of organ fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(1):97–107. doi:10.1172/JCI93563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Kwan JYY, Yip K, Liu PP, Liu FF. Targeting metabolic dysregulation for fibrosis therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(1):57–75. doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0040-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskirchen R, Weiskirchen S, Tacke F. Organ and tissue fibrosis: molecular signals, cellular mechanisms and translational implications. Mol Aspects Med. 2019;65:2–15. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockey DC, Bell PD, Hill JA. Fibrosis–a common pathway to organ injury and failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(12):1138–1149. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1300575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149(5):1060–1072. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25(3):486–541. doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang F, Liu J, Tang D, Kang R. Oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:586578. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.586578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Jiang L, Wang H, et al. Hepatic transferrin plays a role in systemic iron homeostasis and liver ferroptosis. Blood. 2020;136(6):726–739. doi:10.1182/blood.2019002907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Chen X, Ru F, et al. Liproxstatin-1 attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting renal tubular epithelial cells ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(9):843. doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04137-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Deng B, Liu Q, et al. Pyroptosis and ferroptosis induced by mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) signaling in cardiomyocytes are essential for myocardial fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(7):574. doi:10.1038/s41419-020-02777-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Feng D, Li X, et al. Iron deposition-induced ferroptosis in alveolar type II cells promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867(12):166204. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M. Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(4):266–282. doi:10.1038/s41580-020-00324-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang DL, Ghosh MC, Rouault TA. The physiological functions of iron regulatory proteins in iron homeostasis - an update. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:124. doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Yu C, Kang R, Tang D. Iron metabolism in ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:590226. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.590226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Kang R, Tang D. NEDD4L-mediated LTF protein degradation limits ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;531(4):581–587. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang WS, Stockwell BR. Synthetic lethal screening identifies compounds activating iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death in oncogenic-RAS-harboring cancer cells. Chem Biol. 2008;15(3):234–245. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.02.010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng N, Shi BJ, Li SL, et al. Knockdown of ferroportin accelerates erastin-induced ferroptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(12):3826–3836. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang WS, Kim KJ, Gaschler MM, Patel M, Shchepinov MS, Stockwell BR. Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(34):E4966–4975. doi:10.1073/pnas.1603244113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon SJ, Stockwell BR. The hallmarks of ferroptosis. Ann Rev Cancer Biol. 2019;3(1):35–54. doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055844
   Google Scholar
• Shah R, Shchepinov MS, Pratt DA. Resolving the role of lipoxygenases in the initiation and execution of ferroptosis. ACS Cent Sci. 2018;4(3):387–396. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.7b00589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y, Li H, Graham ET, et al. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase contributes to phospholipid peroxidation in ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2020;16(3):302–309. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-0472-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad M, Pratt DA. The chemical basis of ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2019;15(12):1137–1147. doi:10.1038/s41589-019-0408-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan VE, Mao G, Qu F, et al. Oxidized arachidonic and adrenic PEs navigate cells to ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2017;13(1):81–90. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon SJ, Winter GE, Musavi LS, et al. Human haploid cell genetics reveals roles for lipid metabolism genes in nonapoptotic cell death. ACS Chem Biol. 2015;10(7):1604–1609. doi:10.1021/acschembio.5b00245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll S, Proneth B, Tyurina YY, et al. ACSL4 dictates ferroptosis sensitivity by shaping cellular lipid composition. Nat Chem Biol. 2017;13(1):91–98. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y, Henry WS, Ricq EL, et al. Plasticity of ether lipids promotes ferroptosis susceptibility and evasion. Nature. 2020;585(7826):603–608. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2732-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Meng L, Han L, et al. Lipid storage and lipophagy regulates ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;508:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Li Y. The interaction between ferroptosis and lipid metabolism in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):108. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00216-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Kim WK, Bae KH, Lee SC, Lee EW. Lipid metabolism and ferroptosis. Biology. 2021;10(3):184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei G, Zhuang L, Gan B. Targeting ferroptosis as a vulnerability in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2022;4:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Seiler A, Schneider M, F?Rster H, et al. Glutathione peroxidase 4 senses and translates oxidative stress into 12/15-lipoxygenase dependent- and AIF-mediated cell death. Cell Metab. 2008;8(3):237–248. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang WS, SriRamaratnam R, Welsch ME, et al. Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4. Cell. 2014;156(1–2):317–331. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meister A. Glutathione metabolism. Methods Enzymol. 1995;251:3–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppula P, Zhang Y, Zhuang L, Gan B. Amino acid transporter SLC7A11/xCT at the crossroads of regulating redox homeostasis and nutrient dependency of cancer. Cancer Commun. 2018;38(1):12. doi:10.1186/s40880-018-0288-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayano M, Yang WS, Corn CK, Pagano NC, Stockwell BR. Loss of cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) induces the transsulfuration pathway and inhibits ferroptosis induced by cystine deprivation. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23(2):270–278. doi:10.1038/cdd.2015.93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersuker K, Hendricks JM, Li Z, et al. The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis. Nature. 2019;575(7784):688–692. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1705-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll S, Freitas FP, Shah R, et al. FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature. 2019;575(7784):693–698. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1707-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horikoshi N, Cong J, Kley N, Shenk T. Isolation of differentially expressed cDNAs from p53-dependent apoptotic cells: activation of the human homologue of the Drosophila peroxidasin gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;261(3):864–869. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorley BN, Campbell MR, Wang X, et al. Identification of novel NRF2-regulated genes by ChIP-Seq: influence on retinoid X receptor alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(15):7416–7429. doi:10.1093/nar/gks409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen HP, Yi D, Lin F, et al. Aifm2, a NADH oxidase, supports robust glycolysis and is required for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis. Mol Cell. 2020;77(3):600–617.e604. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh D, O’Brien NA, Zandkarimi F, et al. MDM2 and MDMX promote ferroptosis by PPARalpha-mediated lipid remodeling. Genes Dev. 2020;34(7–8):526–543. doi:10.1101/gad.334219.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao C, Liu X, Zhang Y, et al. DHODH-mediated ferroptosis defence is a targetable vulnerability in cancer. Nature. 2021;593(7860):586–590. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03539-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thony B, Auerbach G, Blau N. Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, regeneration and functions. Biochem J. 2000;347(Pt 1):1–16. doi:10.1042/bj3470001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft VAN, Bezjian CT, Pfeiffer S, et al. GTP Cyclohydrolase 1/Tetrahydrobiopterin counteract ferroptosis through lipid remodeling. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6(1):41–53. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.9b01063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai E, Meng L, Kang R, Wang X, Tang D. ESCRT-III-dependent membrane repair blocks ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;522(2):415–421. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Conrad M. The metabolic underpinnings of ferroptosis. Cell Metab. 2020;32(6):920–937. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang KH, Tian HY, Gao X, et al. Ferritin heavy chain-mediated iron homeostasis and subsequent increased reactive oxygen species production are essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res. 2009;69(13):5340–5348. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorowiec MR, Borthwick LA, Parker SM, Kirby JA, Saretzki GC, Fisher AJ. Free radical generation induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung epithelium via a TGF-beta1-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(6):1024–1032. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-beta and reactive oxygen species: a perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol. 2015;6:565–577. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton VM, Borok Z, Willis BC. N-acetylcysteine inhibits alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;297(5):L805–812. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00009.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RM, Vayalil PK, Ballinger C, et al. Transforming growth factor beta suppresses glutamate-cysteine ligase gene expression and induces oxidative stress in a lung fibrosis model. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;53(3):554–563. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeh KM, Beier J, Haas IC, Kornmann O, Micke P, Buhl R. Glutathione deficiency of the lower respiratory tract in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(6):1119–1123. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00262402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramatsu Y, Sugino K, Ishida F, Tatebe J, Morita T, Homma S. Effect of inhaled N-acetylcysteine monotherapy on lung function and redox balance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Investig. 2016;54(3):170–178. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2015.11.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deger Y, Yur F, Ertekin A, Mert N, Dede S, Mert H. Protective effect of α-tocopherol on oxidative stress in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2007;25(6):633–637. doi:10.1002/cbf.1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(Suppl. 1):151–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higashi T, Friedman SL, Hoshida Y. Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2019;121:27–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du K, Oh SH, Dutta RK, et al. Inhibiting xCT/SLC7A11 induces ferroptosis of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells but exacerbates chronic liver injury. Liver Int. 2021;41(9):2214–2227. doi:10.1111/liv.14945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Chen H, Liu H, et al. Protective effects of ferroptosis inhibition on high fat diet-induced liver and renal injury in mice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2020;13(8):2041–2049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu A, Feng B, Yu J, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 attenuates iron overload-induced liver injury and fibrosis by inhibiting ferroptosis. Redox Biol. 2021;46:102131. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.102131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui M, Jiang X, Chen J, Yang H, Zhu Y. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation by regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;106:125–133. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong Z, Liu R, Cheng Y. Artesunate alleviates liver fibrosis by regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:2043–2053. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Zhang Z, Li M, et al. P53-dependent induction of ferroptosis is required for artemether to alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. Iubmb Life. 2019;71:45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Jin C, Shen M, et al. Iron regulatory protein 2 is required for artemether -mediated anti-hepatic fibrosis through ferroptosis pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;160:845–859. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang Z, et al. Dihydroartemisinin alleviates hepatic fibrosis through inducing ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells. Biofactors. 2021;47(5):801–818. doi:10.1002/biof.1764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho CH, Huang JH, Sun MS, Tzeng IS, Hsu YC, Kuo CY. Wild bitter melon extract regulates LPS-induced hepatic stellate cell activation, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ferroptosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6671129. doi:10.1155/2021/6671129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Yao Z, Wang L, et al. Activation of ferritinophagy is required for the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1/HuR to regulate ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells. Autophagy. 2018;14(12):2083–2103. doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1503146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Guo M, Li Y, et al. RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP protects against ferroptosis by regulating autophagy signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells. Autophagy. 2020;16(8):1482–1505. doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1687985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Guo M, Shen M, et al. The BRD7-P53-SLC25A28 axis regulates ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells. Redox Biol. 2020;36:101619. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan S, Wei C, Liu G, et al. Sorafenib attenuates liver fibrosis by triggering hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis via HIF-1alpha/SLC7A11 pathway. Cell Prolif. 2022;55(1):e13158. doi:10.1111/cpr.13158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Zhang C, Huang M, Lin J, Fan X, Ni T. TRIM26 induces ferroptosis to inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation and mitigate liver fibrosis through mediating SLC7A11 ubiquitination. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:644901. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.644901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen M, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. N(6)-methyladenosine modification regulates ferroptosis through autophagy signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells. Redox Biol. 2021;47:102151. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.102151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi J, Wu S, Tan S, et al. Berberine alleviates liver fibrosis through inducing ferrous redox to activate ROS-mediated hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis. Cell Death Discov. 2021;7(1):374. doi:10.1038/s41420-021-00768-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Qu Y, Zhang Q, et al. Exosomes derived from hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes promote liver fibrosis via miR-222/TFRC axis. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10565-021-09684-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo CY, Chiu V, Hsieh PC, et al. Chrysophanol attenuates hepatitis B virus X protein-induced hepatic stellate cell fibrosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2020;144(3):172–182. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys BD. Mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 2018;80:309–326. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng X, Wang S, Sun Z, et al. Ferroptosis enhanced diabetic renal tubular injury via HIF-1alpha/HO-1 pathway in db/db mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:626390. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.626390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Zou Y, Xing J, et al. Pretreatment with roxadustat (FG-4592) attenuates folic acid-induced kidney injury through antiferroptosis via Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:6286984. doi:10.1155/2020/6286984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide S, Kobayashi Y, Ide K, et al. Ferroptotic stress promotes the accumulation of pro-inflammatory proximal tubular cells in maladaptive renal repair. Elife. 2021;10. doi:10.7554/eLife.68603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al. Ferroptosis, a new target for treatment of renal injury and fibrosis in a 5/6 nephrectomy-induced CKD rat model. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8(1):127. doi:10.1038/s41420-022-00931-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Xue X, Hou Q, Dai C. Targeting ferroptosis attenuates interstitial inflammation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Dis. 2022;8(1):57–71. doi:10.1159/000517723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Guo J, Yu N, et al. Tocilizumab mimotope alleviates kidney injury and fibrosis by inhibiting IL-6 signaling and ferroptosis in UUO model. Life Sci. 2020;261:118487. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Yang J, Zhu B, Fan J, Hu Q, Wang L. Tectorigenin protects against unilateral ureteral obstruction by inhibiting Smad3-mediated ferroptosis and fibrosis. Phytother Res. 2022;36(1):475–487. doi:10.1002/ptr.7353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo YH, Yang SF, Cheng CC, et al. Nobiletin alleviates ferroptosis-associated renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model. Biomedicines. 2022;10(3):595. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10030595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyöngyösi M, Winkler J, Ramos I, et al. Myocardial fibrosis: biomedical research from bench to bedside. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(2):177–191. doi:10.1002/ejhf.696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis: cell biological mechanisms, molecular pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Mol Aspects Med. 2019;65:70–99. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(6):1450–1488. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Shi L, Tong C, Liu Y, Hou M. circSnx12 is involved in ferroptosis during heart failure by targeting miR-224-5p. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:656093. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.656093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Xu S, Zhao C, Liu B. Role of TLR4/NADPH oxidase 4 pathway in promoting cell death through autophagy and ferroptosis during heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;516(1):37–43. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Tang J, Song J, et al. Elabela alleviates ferroptosis, myocardial remodeling, fibrosis and heart dysfunction in hypertensive mice by modulating the IL-6/STAT3/GPX4 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;181:130–142. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zheng C, Gao Z, et al. SLC7A11/xCT prevents cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting ferroptosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021;36:437–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park TJ, Park JH, Lee GS, et al. Quantitative proteomic analyses reveal that GPX4 downregulation during myocardial infarction contributes to ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(11):835. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-2061-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson M, Castro-Portuguez R, Zhang DD. NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Redox Biol. 2019;23:101107. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Madungwe NB, Imam Aliagan AD, Tombo N, Bopassa JC. Liproxstatin-1 protects the mouse myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing VDAC1 levels and restoring GPX4 levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;520(3):606–611. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Li W, Leng Y, Xiong Y, Xia Z. Ferroptosis is involved in diabetes myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress. DNA Cell Biol. 2020;39(2):210–225. doi:10.1089/dna.2019.5097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba Y, Higa JK, Shimada BK, et al. Protective effects of the mechanistic target of rapamycin against excess iron and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018;314(3):H659–h668. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv Z, Wang F, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu R. Etomidate attenuates the ferroptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion rat model via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Shock. 2021;56(3):440–449. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu P, Zhang J, Ding Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by ferroptosis inhibition via SLC7A11/GPX4 axis activation. Hum Cell. 2022;35(3):836–848. doi:10.1007/s13577-022-00682-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang JW, Park JH, Park BW, et al. Histochrome attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ferroptosis-induced cardiomyocyte death. Antioxidants. 2021;10(10):1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadokoro T, Ikeda M, Ide T, et al. Mitochondria-dependent ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. JCI Insight. 2020;5(9). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.132747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quagliariello V, De Laurentiis M, Rea D, et al. The SGLT-2 inhibitor empagliflozin improves myocardial strain, reduces cardiac fibrosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines in non-diabetic mice treated with doxorubicin. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):150. doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01346-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Liu X, Pi W, et al. Fisetin attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting ferroptosis through SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:808480. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.808480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Zhu J, Le Y, et al. Salidroside inhibits doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by modulating a ferroptosis-dependent pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022;99:153964. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo LF, Guan P, Qin LY, Wang JX, Wang N, Ji ES. Astragaloside IV inhibits Adriamycin-induced cardiac ferroptosis by enhancing Nrf2 signaling. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476(7):2603–2611. doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04112-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijsenbeek M, Cottin V, Drazen JM. Spectrum of fibrotic lung diseases. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):958–968. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2005230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnolo P, Kropski JA, Jones MG, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: disease mechanisms and drug development. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;222:107798. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Progress in understanding and treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Annu Rev Med. 2019;70:211–224. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041317-102715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richeldi L, Collard HR, Jones MG. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet. 2017;389(10082):1941–1952. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30866-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederer DJ, Martinez FJ, Longo DL. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1811–1823. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1705751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Collard HR, Pardo A, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17074. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Mizumura K, Gon Y, et al. Iron-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:643980. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.643980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Wang K, Zhang Y, et al. Ferroptosis-related genes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid serves as prognostic biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Med. 2021;8:693959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Li X, Yu M. Bioinformatics analysis identifies potential ferroptosis key genes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Front Genet. 2021;12:788417. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.788417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Shang Y, Li Y, et al. An 8-ferroptosis-related genes signature from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for prognosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22(1):15. doi:10.1186/s12890-021-01799-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali MK, Kim RY, Brown AC, et al. Critical role for iron accumulation in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease. J Pathol. 2020;251(1):49–62. doi:10.1002/path.5401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y, Ye L, Du F, et al. Iron metabolism regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(24):1755. doi:10.21037/atm-21-5404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Xu P, Ke S, et al. Histone methyltransferase SETDB1 inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis by regulating SNAI1 expression and the ferroptosis signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2022;715:109087. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2021.109087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Dong H, Zhang W, et al. Lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and SLC7A11 inhibition are common causes of EMT and ferroptosis in A549 cells, but different in specific mechanisms. DNA Cell Biol. 2021;40(2):172–183. doi:10.1089/dna.2020.5730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Wang N, Liu N, Dong H. Lipid peroxidation and GPX4 inhibition are common causes for myofibroblast differentiation and ferroptosis. DNA Cell Biol. 2019;38(7):725–733. doi:10.1089/dna.2018.4541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Tai W, Lu N, et al. lncRNA ZFAS1 promotes lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and ferroptosis via functioning as a ceRNA through miR-150-5p/SLC38A1 axis. Aging. 2020;12(10):9085–9102. doi:10.18632/aging.103176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu T, Bao R, Wang Q, et al. SiO(2)-induced ferroptosis in macrophages promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis models. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2022;11(1):42–51. doi:10.1093/toxres/tfab105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanania AN, Mainwaring W, Ghebre YT, Hanania NA, Ludwig M. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment and management. Chest. 2019;156(1):150–162. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.03.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogura A, Oowada S, Kon Y, et al. Redox regulation in radiation-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Cancer Lett. 2009;277(1):64–71. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JC, Krochak R, Blouin A, et al. Dietary flaxseed prevents radiation-induced oxidative lung damage, inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of thoracic radiation injury. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009;8(1):47–53. doi:10.4161/cbt.8.1.7092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terasaki Y, Ohsawa I, Terasaki M, et al. Hydrogen therapy attenuates irradiation-induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;301(4):L415–426. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00008.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Duan L, Yuan S, Zhuang X, Qiao T, He J. Ferroptosis inhibitor alleviates Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) via down-regulation of TGF-beta1. J Inflamm. 2019;16:11. doi:10.1186/s12950-019-0216-0
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Zhuang X, Qiao T. Role of ferroptosis in the process of acute radiation-induced lung injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;519(2):240–245. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Duarte JA, Sanchez-Navarro A, Remiao F, Bastos ML, Carvalho F. Paraquat poisonings: mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008;38(1):13–71. doi:10.1080/10408440701669959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashidipour N, Karami-Mohajeri S, Mandegary A, et al. Where ferroptosis inhibitors and paraquat detoxification mechanisms intersect, exploring possible treatment strategies. Toxicology. 2020;433–434:152407. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Wal NA, Smith LL, van Oirschot JF, van Asbeck BS. Effect of iron chelators on paraquat toxicity in rats and alveolar type II cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(1):180–186. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi R, Zhizhou Y, Zhaorui S, Wei Z, Xin C, Shinan N. Retrospective study of clinical features and prognosis of edaravone in the treatment of paraquat poisoning. Medicine. 2019;98(19):e15441. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma T, Kobayashi S, Sato H, Fujii J. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, protects against ferroptotic cell death in vitro. Exp Cell Res. 2019;384(1):111592. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latunde-Dada GO. Ferroptosis: role of lipid peroxidation, iron and ferritinophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017;1861(8):1893–1900. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren X, Zou L, Lu J, Holmgren A. Selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductase and application of ebselen as a therapeutic. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;127:238–247. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeli JPF, Shah R, Pratt DA, Conrad M. Ferroptosis inhibition: mechanisms and opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38(5):489–498. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad M, Lorenz SM, Proneth B. Targeting ferroptosis: new hope for as-yet-incurable diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(2):113–122. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar