References
- KooijmanCMDijkstraPUGeertzenJHElzingaAvan der SchansCPPhantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological studyPain2000871334110863043
- JensenTSKrebsBNielsenJRasmussenPNon-painful phantom limb phenomena in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and temporal courseActa Neurol Scand19847064074146516789
- NikolajsenLJensenTSPhantom limb painBr J Anaesth200187110711611460799
- SubediBGrossbergGTPhantom limb pain: mechanisms and treatment approachesPain Res Treat20112011861605
- HirshATDillworthTMEhdeDMJensenMPSex differences in pain and psychological functioning in persons with limb lossJ Pain2010111798619734105
- BosmansJCGeertzenJHPostWJvan der SchansCPDijkstraPUFactors associated with phantom limb pain: a 3 1/2 year prospective studyClin Rehab2010245444453
- EphraimPLWegenerSTMacKenzieEJDillinghamTRPezzinLEPhantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national surveyArch Phys Med Rehabil200586101910191916213230
- SchleyMTWilmsPToepfnerSPainful and non-painful phantom and stump sensations in acute traumatic amputeesJ Trauma200865485886418849803
- BorghiBD’AddabboMWhitePFThe use of prolonged peripheral neural blockade after lower extremity amputation: the effect on symptoms associated with phantom limb syndromeAnesth analg201011151308131520881281
- KaranikolasMArethaDTsolakisIOptimized perioperative analgesia reduces chronic phantom limb pain intensity, prevalence, and frequency: a prospective, randomized, clinical trialAnesthesiology201111451144115421368651
- CohenLGBandinelliSFindleyTWHallettMMotor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man. A study with focal magnetic stimulationBrain1991114Pt 1B6156272004259
- FlorHElbertTKnechtSPhantom-limb pain as a correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputationNature199537565314824847777055
- BirbaumerNLutzenbergerWMontoyaPeffects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganizationJ Neurosci19971714550355089204932
- WeeksSRAnderson-BarnesVCTsaoJWPhantom limb pain: theories and therapiesNeurologist201016527728620827116
- FlorHPhantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatmentsLancet Neurol20021318218912849487
- NystromBHagbarthKEMicroelectrode recordings from trans-sected nerves in amputees with phantom limb painNeurosci Lett19812722112167322453
- WallPDGutnickMOngoing activity in peripheral nerves: the physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuromaExp Neurol19744335805934827166
- WolpawJRTennissenAActivity-dependent spinal cord plasticity in health and diseaseAnnu Rev Neurosci20012480784311520919
- DoubellTPMannionRJWoolfCJThe dorsal horn: state dependent sensory processing, plasticity and the generation of painWallPDMelzackRTextbook of Pain4th edEdinburgh, UKChurchill Livingstone1999165181
- BaronRMechanisms of disease: neuropathic pain – a clinical perspectiveNat Clin Pract Neurol2006229510616932531
- BuonomanoDVMerzenichMCortical plasticity: from synapse to mapsAnnu Rev Neurosci1998211491869530495
- LotzeMMontoyaPErbMActivation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: an fMRI studyJ Cogn Neurosci199911549150110511638
- LotzeMFlorHGroddWLarbigWBirbaumerNPhantom movements and pain. An fMRI study in upper limb amputeesBrain2001124Pt 112268227711673327
- KarlABirbaumerNLutzenbergerWCohenLGFlorHReorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex in upper extremity amputees with phantom limb painJ Neurosci200121103609361811331390
- KarlAMühlnickelWKurthRFlorHNeuroelectric source imaging of steady-state movement-related cortical potentials in human upper extremity amputees with and without phantom limb painPain20041101–29010215275756
- AlviarMJHaleTDungcaMPharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb painCochrane Database Syst Rev201112CD00638022161403
- O’ConnorABDworkinRHTreatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelinesAm J Med200912210 Suppl 1S22S32
- ByrantBKnightsKSalernoEPharmacology for Health ProfessionalsAmsterdam, HollandElsevier2007270
- AttalNCruccuaGBaronREFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revisionEur J Neurol20101791113e8820402746
- RobinsonLRCzernieckiJMEhdeDMTrial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled studyArch Phys Med Rehabil20048511614970960
- SatoKHiguchiHHishikawaYManagement of phantom limb pain and sensation with milnacipranJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci200820336818806244
- NikolajsenLFinnerupNBKrampSVimtrupASKellerJJensenTSA randomized study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation painAnesthesiology200610551008101517065896
- SpiegelDRLappinenEGottliebMA presumed case of phantom limb pain treated successfully with duloxetine and pregabalinGen Hosp Psychiatry2010322228.e5228e720303003
- HackworthRJTokarzKAFowlerIMWallaceSCStedje-LarsenETProfound pain reduction after induction of memantine treatment in two patients with severe phantom limb painAnesth Analg200810741377137918806054
- SchleyMTopfnerSWiechKContinuous brachial plexus blockade in combination with the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine prevents phantom pain in acute traumatic upper limb amputeesEur J Pain200711329930816716615
- ZunigaRESchlichtCRAbramSEIntrathecal baclofen is analgesic in patients with chronic painAnesthesiology200092387688010719971
- OmoteKOhmoriHKawamataMMatsumotoMNamikiAIntrathecal buprenorphine in the treatment of phantom limb painAnesth Analg1995805103010327726400
- BergmansLSnijdelaarDGKatzJCrulBJMethadone for phantom limb painClin J Pain200218320320512048424
- CrucianiRAStradaEAKnotkovaHNeuropathic painBrueraEPortenoyRKCancer Pain – Assessment and ManagementNew York, NYCambridge University Press2010478505
- Wilder-SmithCHHillLTLaurentSPostamputation pain and sensory changes in treatment-naive patients: characteristics and responses to treatment with tramadol, amitriptyline, and placeboAnesthesiology2005103361962816129989
- KuikenTASchechtmanLHardenRNPhantom limb pain treatment with mirtazapine: a case seriesPain Pract20055435636017177770
- KaranikolasMArethaDTsolakisIOptimized perioperative analgesia reduces chronic phantom limb pain intensity, prevalence, and frequency: a prospective, randomized, clinical trialAnesthesiology201111451144115421368651
- RasmussenSKehletHManagement of nerves during leg amputation – a neglected area in our understanding of the pathogenesis of phantom limb painActa Anaesthesiol Scand20075181115111617697308
- HayesCArmstrong-BrownABurstalRPerioperative intravenous ketamine infusion for the prevention of persistent post-amputation pain: a randomized, controlled trialAnaesth Intens Care2004323330338
- WilsonJANimmoAFFleetwood-WalkerSMColvinLAA randomized double blind trial of the effect of preemptive epidural ketamine on persistent pain after lower limb amputationPain20081351–210811817583431
- FrommGHTerrenceCFChatthaASBaclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow upAnn Neurol19841532402446372646
- PandeyCKSinghNSinghPKGabapentin for refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgiaIndian Med Assoc20081062124125
- EhdeDMJensenMPEngelJTurnerJAHoffmanAJCardenasDDChronic pain secondary to disability: a reviewClin J Pain200319131712514452
- PerezMACohenLGPrinciples and mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulationKnotkovaHCrucianiRAMerrrickJBrain Stimulation in the Treatment of PainNew York, NYNova Science Publishers Inc2010113129
- CanaveroSBonicalziVDottaMVighettiSAsteggianoGCocitoDTranscranial magnetic cortical stimulation relieves central painStereotact Funct Neurosurg2002783–419219612652043
- Andre-ObadiaNPeyronRMertensPMauguiereFLaurentBGarcia-LareaLTranscranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacyClin Neurophysiol200611771536154416753335
- LefaucheurJHatemSNinebASomatotopic organization of the analgesic effects of motor cortex rTMS in neuropathic painNeurology200667111998200417159107
- LefaucheurJPDrouotXMenard-LefaucheurINeurogenic pain relief by repetitive transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation depends on the origin and the site of painJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200475461261615026508
- HirayamaASaitohYKishimaHReduction of intractable deaf-ferentation pain by navigation-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortexPain20061221–2222716495011
- TopperRFoltysHMeisterIGSparingRBoroojerdiBRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex transiently ameliorates phantom limb pain-like syndromeClin Neurophysiol200311481521153012888036
- KhedrEMKotbHKamelNFAhmedMASadekRRothwellJCLonglasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic painJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200576683383815897507
- Di RolloAPallantiSPhantom limb pain: low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in unaffected hemisphereCase Report Med2011201113075121629848
- MacIverKLloydDMKellySRobertsNNurmikkoTPhantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effects of mental imageryBrain2008131Pt 82181219118567624
- MacLachlanMMcDonaldDWalochJMirror treatment of lower limb phantom pain: a case studyDisabil Rehabil20042614–1590190415497919
- BrodieEEWhyteANivenCAAnalgesia through the looking-glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a “virtual” limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movementEuro J Pain2007114428436
- MoseleyGLGallaceASpenceCIs mirror therapy all it is cracked to be? Current evidence and future directionsPain2008138171018621484
- ChanBLWittRCharrowAPMirror therapy for phantom limb painN Engl J Med2007357212206220718032777
- RamachandranVSRogers-RamachandranDSynaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrorsProc Bilo Sci19962631369377386
- HashimotoRRothwellJCDynamic changes in corticospinal excitability during motor imageryExp Brain Res19991251758110100979
- DiersMChristmannCKoeppeCRufMFlorHMirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb painPain2010149229630420359825
- MoseleyGLGraded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomised controlled trialNeurology200667122129213417082465
- McCabeCMirror visual feedback therapy. A practical approachJ Hand Ther201124217017821106347
- BeaumontGMercierCMichonPEMalounFJacksonPLDecreasing phantom limb pain through observation of action and imageryCase Series2011122289299
- UlgerOEffectiveness of phantom exercises for phantom limb pain: a pilot studyJ Rehab Med2009417582584
- BrownCALidoCReflexology treatment for patients with lower limb amputations and phantom limb pain: an exploratory pilot studyComplement Ther Clin Pract200814212413118396256
- GiuffridaOSimpsonLHalliganPWContralateral stimulation, using TENS, of phantom limb pain: two confirmatory casesPain Med201011113314119788713
- MulveyMRBagnallAMJohnsonMIMarchantPRTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for phantom pain and stump pain following amputation in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev20105CD00726420464749
- SumitaniMYozuATomiokaTYamadaYMiyauchiSUsing the intact hand for objective assessment of phantom hand-perceptionEur J Pain201014326126519477667
- DietrichCWalter-WalshKPreißlerSSensory feedback prosthesis reduces phantom limb pain: proof of a principleNeurosci Lett201250729710022085692
- LotzeMGroddWBirbaumerNErbMHuseEFlorHDoes use of a myoelectric prosthesis prevent cortical reorganization and phantom limb pain?Nat Neurosci19992650150210448212
- De RoosCVeenstraACDeJonghATreatment of chronic phantom limb pain using a trauma focused psychological approachPain Res Manag2010152657120458374
- DieckmannGWitzmannAInitial and long-term results of deep brain stimulation for chronic intractable painAppl Neurophysiol1982451–21671726977317
- HeathRGMickleWAEvaluation of 7-years’ experience with depth electrode studies in human patientsO’DohertyDSElectrical Studies on the Unanesthetized BrainNew York, NYP Hoeber1960214247
- HosobuchiYIntracerebral stimulation for the relief of chronic painYoumansJRNeurological SurgeryPhiladelphia, PAWB Saunders199041284143
- HosobuchiYAdamsJELinchitzRPain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in human and its reversal by naloxoneScience19771974299183186301658
- HosobuchiYAdamsJERutkinBChronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anaesthesia dolorosaArch Neurol19732931581614591720
- KumarKTothCNathRKDeep brain stimulation for intractable pain: a 15-year experienceNeurosurgery19974047367469092847
- MazarsGRugeRMazarsYRésultats de la stimulation du faisceau spino-thalamique et leur incidence sur la pathophysiologie de la douleurRev Neurol1960103136138
- MazarsGMerienneLCiolocaCTreatment of certain types of pain by implantable thalamic stimulatorsNeurochirurgie19742021171244418054
- MazarsGJIntermittent stimulation of nucleus ventralis posterolateralis for intractable painSurg Neurol19754193951080908
- MeyersonBABoethiusJCarlssonAMAlleviation of malignant pain by electrical stimulation in the periventricular-periaqueductal region. Pain relief as related to stimulation sitesAlbe-FessardDAdvances in Pain Research and TherapyNew York, NYRaven Press1979525533
- MeyersonBALindblomULinderothBLindGHerregodtsPMotor cortex stimulation as treatment of trigeminal neuropathic painActa Neurochir Suppl (Wien)1993581501538109279
- RichardsonDEAkilHPain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 1: Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sitesJ Neurosurg1977472178183327030
- RichardsonDEAkilHPain reduction by electrical stimulation in man. Part 2: Chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matterJ Neurosurg1977472184194301558
- KringelbachMLAzizTZNeuroethical principles of deep-brain stimulationWorld Neurosurg201176651852922251494
- RichardsonDEAkilHLong term results of periventricular gray self-stimulationNeurosurgery197712199202308192
- SpiegelEAWycisHTMesencephalotomy in treatment of intractable facial painAMA Arch Neurol Psychiat1953691113
- TsubokawaTKatayamaYYamamotoTHirayamaTDeafferentation pain and stimulation of the thalamic sensory relay nucleus: clinical and experimental studyAppl Neurophysiol1985481–61661713017207
- SiegfriedJCetinalpENeurosurgical treatment of phantom limb painZimmermannMPhantom and Stump PainBerlin, GermanySpringer-Verlag1981148155
- WalshNERogersJNInjection proceduresDeLisaJAGansBMWalshNEPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice1Philadelphia, PALippincott Williams & Wilkins2005311361
- AdamsJENaloxone reversal of analgesia produced by brain stimulation in humanPain197622161166800249
- RascheDRuppoltMStippichCUnterbergATronnierVMMotor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experiencePain20061212435216480828
- NguyenJPNizardJKeravelYLefaucheurJPInvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic painNat Rev Neurol201171269970921931348
- Garcia-LarreaLPeyronRMertensPPositron emission tomography during motor cortex stimulation for pain controlStereotact Funct Neurosurg1997681–4 Pt 11411489711707
- Garcia-LarreaLPeyronRMertensPElectrical stimulation of motor cortex for pain control: a combined PET-scan and electrophysiological studyPain199983225927310534598
- MertensPNutiCSindouMGuenotMPeyronRGarcia-LarreaLBPrecentral cortex stimulation for the treatment of central neuropathic pain: results of a prospective study in a 20-patient seriesStereotact Funct Neurosurg1999731–412212510853116
- RouxFEIbarrolaDLazorthesYBerryIChronic motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study: technical case reportNeurosurgery200148368168811270562
- SaitohYShibataMHiranoSIHirataMMoshimoTYoshimineTMotor cortex stimulation for central and peripheral deafferentation painJ Neurosurg200092115015510616094
- KatayamaYYamamotoTKobayashiKKasaiMOshimaHFukayaCMotor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain: Comprehensive therapy with spinal cord and thalamic stimulationStereotact Funct Neurosurg2001771–415916212378068
- LimaMCFregniFMotor cortex stimulation for chronic pain. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literatureNeurology200870242329233718541887
- RascheDTronnierVMInvasive treatment of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes: epidural stimulation of the motor cortexKnotkovaHCrucianiRMerrickJBrain Stimulation in the Treatment of PainNew York, NYNova Science Publishers Inc20106987
- RascheDRinaldiPCYoungRFTronnierVMDeep brain stimulation for the treatment of various chronic pain syndromesNeurosurg Focus2006216E817341052
- Fagundes-PereyaWJTeixeiraMJReynsNMotor cortex stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic painArq Neuropsiquiatr201068692392921243254
- FontaineDHamaniCLozanoAEfficacy and safety of motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: critical review of the literatureJ Neurosurg2009110225125618991496
- CanaveroSBonicalziTherapeutic extradural cortical stimulation for central and neuropathic pain: a reviewClin J Pain2002181485511803303
- OakleyJPragerJSpinal cord stimulation: mechanisms of actionSpine (Phila Pa 1976)200227222574258312435996
- ViswanathanAUse of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of phantom limb pain: case series and review of literaturePain Pract201010547948420412499
- KrainickJUThoderUSpinal cord stimulation in post-amputation painSiegfriedJZimmermanMPhantom and Stump PainBerlin, GermanySpringer-Verlag2002527535
- NitscheMAPaulusWExcitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulationJ Physiol2000527363363910990547
- FregniFGimenesRValleASA randomized, shamcontrolled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgiaArthritis Rheum200654123988399817133529
- FregniFBoggioPSLimaMCA sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injuryPain20061221–219720916564618
- GrünerUEggersCAmeliMSarfeldASFinkGRNowakDA1 Hz rTMS preconditioned by tDCS over the primary motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease: effects on bradykinesia of arm and handJ Neural Transm2010117220721620033235
- FentonBFanningJBoggioPFregniFA pilot efficacy trial of tDCS for the treatment of refractory chronic pelvic painBrain Stimulation200813260
- KnotkovaHFeldmanDDvorkinECrucianiRATranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A novel strategy to alleviate neuropathic painJ Pain Manag200813271275
- WangLGChiaoJWProstate cancer chemopreventive activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate through epigenetic regulation (review)Int J Oncol201033753353920664922