Are Pain Screening and Functional Assessment Results Associated with New Diagnoses and Treatment for Pain in Primary Care? An Observational Study

References

• Dueñas M, Ojeda B, Salazar A, et al. A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system. J Pain Res. 2016;9:457–467. doi:10.2147/JPR.S105892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain. 2012;13(8):715–724. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gormsen L, Rosenberg R, Bach FW, et al. Depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life and pain in patients with chronic fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain. 2010;14(2):127.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunks ER, Weir R, Crook J. Epidemiologic perspective on chronic pain treatment. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr. 2008;53(4):235–242. doi:10.1177/070674370805300404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine M. Chronic pain and suicide risk: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:269–280. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hser Y-I, Mooney LJ, Saxon AJ, et al. Chronic pain among patients with opioid use disorder: results from electronic health records data. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;77:26–30. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. BJA Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):19–25. doi:10.1093/bja/aet124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs EE, Carey TS, Weinberger M. Accuracy of the pain numeric rating scale as a screening test in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(10):1453–1458. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0321-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee (IPRCC). National Pain Strategy: A Comprehensive Population Health-Level Strategy for Pain. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1–49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce MB, Browne JP. Does providing feedback on patient-reported outcomes to healthcare professionals result in better outcomes for patients? A systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(9):2265–2278. doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0390-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valderas JM, Kotzeva A, Espallargues M, et al. The impact of measuring patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice: a systematic review of the literature. Qual Life Res. 2008;17(2):179–193. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9295-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs EE, Lorenz KA, Bair MJ, et al. Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(6):733–738. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-0981-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith ES, Taylor BC, Greer N, et al. Focused evidence review: psychometric properties of patient-reported outcome measures for chronic musculoskeletal pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(Suppl 1):61–70. doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4327-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs EE, Bair MJ, Damush TM, et al. Comparative responsiveness of pain outcome measures among primary care patients with musculoskeletal pain. Med Care. 2010;48(11):1007–1014. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181eaf835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harle CA, Bauer SE, Hoang HQ, Cook RL, Hurley RW, Fillingim RB. Decision support for chronic pain care: how do primary care physicians decide when to prescribe opioids? A qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16(1):48. doi:10.1186/s12875-015-0264-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Korff M, Scher AI, Helmick C, et al. United States national pain strategy for population research: concepts, definitions, and pilot data. J Pain. 2016;17(10):1068–1080. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilloni A, Nati G, Maggiolini P, et al. Chronic non-cancer pain in primary care: an Italian cross-sectional study. Signa Vitae. 2021;17(2):54–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BH, Hardman JD, Stein A, Colvin L. Managing chronic pain in the non-specialist setting: a new SIGN guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64(624):e462–e464. doi:10.3399/bjgp14X680737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Militello LG, Hurley RW, Cook RL, et al. Primary care clinicians’ beliefs and strategies for managing chronic pain in an era of a national opioid epidemic. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(12):3542–3548. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06178-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butchart A, Kerr EA, Heisler M, Piette JD, Krein SL. Experience and management of chronic pain among patients with other complex chronic conditions. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(4):293–298. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31818bf574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelaya CE, Dahlhamer JM, Lucas JW, Connor EM. Chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among US adults, 2019. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;2020(390):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Glei DA, Weinstein M, Latham-Mintus K. Disadvantaged Americans are suffering the brunt of rising pain and physical limitations. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261375. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco L, Anderson DR, Blankson ML, et al. Evaluation of a chronic pain screening program implemented in primary care. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2118495. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya, C. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(36):1001–1006. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco CA, Nagel J, Klink E, et al. Factors associated with self-reported pain scores among ED patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(2):331–337. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco CA, Kanitz W, Jolly M. Pain scores among emergency department (ED) patients: comparison by ED diagnosis. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(1):46–52. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson TM, Mendoza TR, Sit L, et al. The brief pain inventory and its “pain at its worst in the last 24 hours” item: clinical trial endpoint considerations. Pain Med. 2010;11(3):337–346. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00774.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KR, Vojir CP, Hutt E, et al. Determining mild, moderate, and severe pain equivalency across pain-intensity tools in nursing home residents. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(2):305–314. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2006.05.0051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serlin RC, Mendoza TR, Nakamura Y, et al. When is cancer pain mild, moderate or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function. Pain. 1995;61(2):277–284. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00178-H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCQA. HEDIS 2019 Technical Specifications. Vol. 2. NCQA; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glasheen WP, Cordier T, Gumpina R, et al. Charlson comorbidity index: ICD-9 update and ICD-10 translation. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2019;12(4):188–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin SR, Wong Y-N, Uzzo RG, et al. Why summary comorbidity measures such as the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Elixhauser score work. Med Care. 2015;53(9):e65–e72. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318297429c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, et al. Race, care seeking and utilization for chronic back and neck pain: population perspectives. J Pain. 2010;11(4):343–350. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portenoy RK, Ugarte C, Fuller I, et al. Population-based survey of pain in the United States: differences among white, African American, and Hispanic subjects. J Pain. 2004;5(6):317–328. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead NA, Vrany EA, Stewart JC, et al. Differences in Mexican Americans’ prevalence of chronic pain and co-occurring analgesic medication and substance use relative to non-Hispanic white and black Americans: results from NHANES 1999–2004. Pain Med. 2016;17(6):1001–1009. doi:10.1093/pm/pnv003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meghani SH, Byun E, Gallagher RM. Time to take stock: a meta-analysis and systematic review of analgesic treatment disparities for pain in the United States. Pain Med. 2012;13(2):150–174. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01310.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz JN, Lyons N, Wolff LS, et al. Medical decision-making among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites with chronic back and knee pain: a qualitative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:78. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsivais DB, Engebretson JC. “I’m just not that sick”: pain medication and identity in Mexican American women with chronic pain. J Holist Nurs. 2012;30(3):188–194. doi:10.1177/0898010112440885
   PubMedGoogle Scholar