Pain Management in a Prehospital Emergency Setting: A Retrospective Observational Study

References

• Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976–1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry PH, Dahl JL. The new JCAHO pain standards: implications for pain management nurses. Pain Manag Nurs. 2000;1(1):3–12. doi:10.1053/jpmn.2000.5833
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ariès P, Montelescaut E, Pessey F, Danguy Des Déserts M, Giacardi C. Pre-hospital emergency medicine: pain control. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):747. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00325-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoia G, Coluzzi F, Di Maria C, et al. Italian intersociety recommendations on pain management in the emergency setting (SIAARTI, SIMEU, SIS 118, AISD, SIARED, SICUT, IRC). Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(2):205–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean SA, Maio RF, Domeier RM. The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):402–405. doi:10.1080/10903120290938021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galinski M, Ruscev M, Gonzalez G, et al. Prevalence and management of acute pain in prehospital emergency medicine. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(3):334–339. doi:10.3109/10903121003760218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht E, Taffe P, Yersin B, Schoettker P, Decosterd I, Hugli O. Undertreatment of acute pain (oligoanalgesia) and medical practice variation in prehospital analgesia of adult trauma patients: a 10 yr retrospective study. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):96–106. doi:10.1093/bja/aes355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siriwardena AN, Asghar Z, Lord B, et al. Patient and clinician factors associated with prehospital pain treatment and outcomes: cross sectional study. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):266–271. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwerin DL, Mohney S EMS pain assessment and management; 2022. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554543/. Accessed May 13, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Friesgaard KD, Riddervold IS, Kirkegaard H, Christensen EF, Nikolajsen L. Acute pain in the prehospital setting: a register-based study of 41.241 patients. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):53. doi:10.1186/s13049-018-0521-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SH, Shewakramani S. Prehospital trauma analgesia. J Emerg Med. 2008;35(1):47–57. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenssen N, Krockauer A, Beckers SK, et al. Quality of analgesia in physician-operated telemedical prehospital emergency care is comparable to physician-based prehospital care - a retrospective longitudinal study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1536. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01437-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachimi-Idrissi S, Dobias V, Hautz WE, et al. Approaching acute pain in emergency settings; European Society for Emergency Medicine (EUSEM) guidelines—part 2: management and recommendations. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(7):1141–1155. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02411-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbriaco G, Rondelli R, Maroni F, et al. Nurse-administered analgesic treatment in Italian emergency medical services: a nationwide survey. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1827–1835. doi:10.2147/JPR.S303998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JE, Pendleton JM. Oligoanalgesia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7(6):620–623. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(89)90286-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobieraj DM, Martinez BK, Miao B, et al. Comparative effectiveness of analgesics to reduce acute pain in the prehospital setting. Prehospi Emerg Care. 2020;24(2):163–174. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1657213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motov SM, Khan AN. Problems and barriers of pain management in the emergency department: are we ever going to get better? J Pain Res. 2008;2:5–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Royal College of Emergency Medicine. Management pain in adults. Best Practice Guidelines; 2021. Available from: https://rcem.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_BPC_Management_of_Pain_in_Adults_300621.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Gausche-Hill M, Brown KM, Oliver ZJ, et al. An evidence-based guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(sup1):25–34. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.844873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontinen V. Pain outside of the hospital: what is the situation in pre-hospital care, and how could it be improved? Scand J Pain. 2015;8(1):35–36. doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.05.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brokmann JC, Rossaint R, Hirsch F, et al. Analgesia by telemedically supported paramedics compared with physician-administered analgesia: a prospective, interventional, multicentre trial. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(7):1176–1184. doi:10.1002/ejp.843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinangeli F, Narducci C, Ursini ML, et al. Acute pain and availability of analgesia in the prehospital emergency setting in Italy: a problem to be solved. Pain Pract. 2009;9(4):282–288. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00277.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mura P, Serra E, Marinangeli F, et al. Prospective study on prevalence, intensity, type, and therapy of acute pain in a second-level urban emergency department. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2781–2788. doi:10.2147/JPR.S137992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourens A, McCaul M, Parker R, Hodkinson P. Acute pain in the African prehospital setting: a scoping review. Pain Res Manag. 2019;2019:2304507. doi:10.1155/2019/2304507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conferenza Permanente Per I Rapporti Tra Lo Stato Le Regioni E Le Province Autonome Di Trento E Bolzano. Accordo tra il Ministro della salute, le regioni e le province autonome sul documento di linee-guida sul sistema di emergenza sanitaria concernente:” Triage intraospedaliero (valutazione gravità all’ingresso) e chirurgia della mano e microchirurgia nel sistema dell’emergenza - urgenza sanitaria”; 2001. Available from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2001/12/07/01A12203/sg. Accessed August 24, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Siriwardena AN, Shaw D, Bouliotis G. Exploratory cross-sectional study of factors associated with pre-hospital management of pain. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(6):1269–1275. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewes HA, Dai M, Clay Mann N, Baca T, Taillac P. Prehospital pain management: disparity by age and race. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(2):189–197. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1367444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachimi-Idrissi S, Coffey F, Hautz WE, et al. Approaching acute pain in emergency settings: European Society for Emergency Medicine (EUSEM) guidelines-part 1: assessment. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(7):1125–1139. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02477-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi A, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Heidari Zadie Z, et al. Pain management in trauma: a review study. J Inj Violence Res. 2016;8(2):89–98. doi:10.5249/jivr.v8i2.707
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lourens A, Parker R, Hodkinson P. Prehospital acute traumatic pain assessment and management practices in the Western Cape, South Africa: a retrospective review. Int J Emerg Med. 2020;13(1):21. doi:10.1186/s12245-020-00278-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson C, Carlström M, Lidman N, Herlitz J, Wennberg P, Axelsson C. Evaluation and treatment of pain in the pre-hospital setting. A comparison between patients with a Hip injury, chest pain and abdominal pain. Int Emerg Nurs. 2021;56:100999. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2021.100999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan F, Lohman D, Gwyther L. Access to pain management as a human right. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):61–65. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindbeck G, Shah MI, Braithwaite S, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for prehospital pain management: recommendations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022:1–10. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.2018073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teoh SE, Loh CYL, Chong RIH, et al. A scoping review of qualitative studies on pre-hospital analgesia administration and practice. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;57:81–90. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.04.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal M, Spaight PA, Siriwardena AN. Patients’ and emergency clinicians’ perceptions of improving pre-hospital pain management: a qualitative study. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:e18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesgaard KD, Kirkegaard H, Rasmussen CH, Giebner M, Christensen EF, Nikolajsen L. Prehospital intravenous fentanyl administered by ambulance personnel: a cluster-randomised comparison of two treatment protocols. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):11. doi:10.1186/s13049-019-0588-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Prehospital analgesia in New South Wales, Australia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2011;26(6):422–426. doi:10.1017/S1049023X12000180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord B, Bendall J, Reinten T. The influence of paramedic and patient gender on the administration of analgesics in the out-of-hospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2):195–200. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.856502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte A, Metz M. Pain management in the prehospital setting. research abstracts. J Emerg Nurs. 2004;30(5):403–404. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.009
   Google Scholar