Micronutrients Deficiency and Their Associations with Pregnancy Outcomes: A Review

References

• Ho A, Flynn AC, Pasupathy D. Nutrition in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2016;26:259–264. doi:10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Parisi F, Bartolo I, Savasi VM, Cetin I. Micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy: who, what and how much? Obstet Med. 2018. doi:10.1177/1753495X18769213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrimpton R, Schultink W. Can supplements help meet the micronutrient needs of the developing world? Proc Nutr Soc. 2002;61:223–229. doi:10.1079/PNS2002163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David AB, Arnold E. Benders’ Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet. 2008;371:417–440. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerfu TA, Ayele HT. Micronutrients and pregnancy; Effect of supplementation on pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Nutr J. 2013;12. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen LH. Multiple micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:1206–1212. doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirlak I, Ezimokhai M, Dawodu A, et al. Current maternal-infant micronutrient status and the effects on birth weight in the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2009;15:1399–1406.
   Google Scholar
• Bourassa MW, Osendarp SJ, Adu‐Afarwuah S, et al. Review of the evidence regarding the use of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation in low- and middle-income countries. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2019;1444:6–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RL, Bianco-Miotto T, Leemaqz SY, et al. Early pregnancy maternal trace mineral status and the association with adverse pregnancy outcome in a cohort of Australian women. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2018;46:103–109. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker PN, Wheeler SJ, Sanders TA, et al. A prospective study of micronutrient status in adolescent pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1114–1124. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar AH. Effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementations on fetal loss and infant death in Indonesia: a double-blind cluster-randomized trial. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2008;28:152–153.
   Google Scholar
• Christina O, Emily C. Development outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NI. Policy brief: Liberia cost-effectiveness of transitioning from iron and folic acid to multiple micronutrient supplementation for cost-effectiveness and In Liberia, transitioning from IFAS to. 2020. 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. Solutions to Primary Causes of Undernutrition. Nutr Glance. 2020;4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Darnton-Hill I, Mkparu UC. Micronutrients in pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrients. 2015;7:1744–1768. doi:10.3390/nu7031744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks L, Smith R, Collins CE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of micronutrient intakes during pregnancy in developed countries. Nutr Rev. 2013;71:118–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders CM, Rehbinder EM, Carlsen KCL, et al. Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: a nordic mother-child population-based cohort. Food Nutr Res. 2019;63:1–11. doi:10.29219/fnr.v63.3676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ER, Shankar AH, Wu LS-F, et al. Modifiers of the effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on stillbirth, birth outcomes, and infant mortality: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from 17 randomized trials in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e1090–e1100. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30371-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendich A, Deckelbaum RJ. No Title Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals. Humana Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Low Birth Weight Policy Brief. 2012. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• UN. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New Era Glob Health. 2018. doi:10.1891/9780826190123.ap02
   Google Scholar
• CSA. Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey(EDHS). 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan U. Prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition worldwide. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:S46–S52. doi:10.1301/00296640260130731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba H, Za B. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy (Review) summary of findings for the main comparison. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD004905.
   Google Scholar
• Cetin I, Bühling K, Demir C, et al. Impact of micronutrient status during pregnancy on early nutrition programming. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74:269–278. doi:10.1159/000499698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harika R, Faber M, Samuel F, et al. Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, Vitamin A, iodine, folate and zinc in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa: a systematic review of data from 2005 to 2015. Nutrients. 2017;9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes R. Micronutrients and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature. J Chem Inf Model. 2008;53:287.
   Google Scholar
• Black RE. Micronutrients in pregnancy. Br J Nutr. 2001;193–197. DOI:10.1079/BJN2000314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lartey A. Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008;67:105–108. doi:10.1017/S0029665108006083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn JE, Yakoob M, Haws RA, et al. 3.2 million stillbirths: epidemiology and overview of the evidence review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:1–17. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhutta ZA, Yakoob MY, Lawn JE, et al. Stillbirths: what difference can we make and at what cost? Lancet. 2011;377:1523–1538. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62269-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tongo OO, Orimadegun AE, Akinyinka OO. Utilisation of malaria preventive measures during pregnancy and birth outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-60
   Google Scholar
• Tesema GA, Gezie LD, Nigatu SG. Trends of stillbirth among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia based on Ethiopian demographic and health surveys: a multivariate decomposition analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:1–11. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-02880-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, West KP, Christian P. Effects and prevention in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12:274–289. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovdenak N, Haram K. Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;164:127–132. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shub A, Huning EYS, Campbell KJ, McCarthy EA. Pregnant women’s knowledge of weight, weight gain, complications of obesity and weight management strategies in pregnancy. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:1. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-278
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Linden EL, Browne JL, Vissers KM, et al. Maternal body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Ghanaian cohort study. Obesity. 2016;24:215–222. doi:10.1002/oby.21210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen S, Iyer C, Meydani SN. Obesity during pregnancy alters maternal oxidant balance and micronutrient status. J Perinatol. 2014;34:105–111. doi:10.1038/jp.2013.153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Cao Z, Peng Z, et al. Folic acid supplementation, preconception body mass index, and preterm delivery: findings from the preconception cohort data in a Chinese rural population. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:1–9. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0766-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian P, Stewart CP. Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease. J Nutr. 2010;140:437–445. doi:10.3945/jn.109.116327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeizel AE, Puhó EH, Langmar Z, Ács N, Bánhidy F. Possible association of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy with reduction of preterm birth: a population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;148:135–140. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan U, Grant FK, Goldenberg T, et al. Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26:153–167. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01276.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah PS, Ohlsson A. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2009;180:99–108. doi:10.1503/cmaj.081777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brough L, Rees GA, Crawford MA, Morton RH, Dorman EK. Effect of multiple-micronutrient supplementation on maternal nutrient status, infant birth weight and gestational age at birth in a low-income, multi-ethnic population. Br J Nutr. 2010;104:437–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Dang S, Zeng L, et al. Multi-micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy for prevention of maternal anemia and adverse birth outcomes in a high-altitude area: a prospective cohort study in rural Tibet of China. Br J Nutr. 2017;118:431–440. doi:10.1017/S000711451700229X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian P, Khatry SK, Katz J, et al. Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double-blind randomized community trial. Br Med J. 2003;326:571–574. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7389.571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huy ND, Hop LT, Shrimpton R, Hoa CV. An effectiveness trial of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in Vietnam: impact on birth weight and on stunting in children at around 2 years of age. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30:506–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronsmans C, Fisher DJ, Osmond C, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: a meta-analysis of effects on stillbirths and on early and late neonatal mortality. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30:S547–S555. doi:10.1177/15648265090304S409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider BA, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and birth outcomes. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:S19. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng L, Cheng Y, Dang S. Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;1–11. DOI:10.1136/bmj.a2001
   Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Ray M, Dua T, et al. Multimicronutrient supplementation for undernourished pregnant women and the birth size of their offspring: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:58–64. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.1.58
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed F, Khan MR, Akhtaruzzaman M, et al. Long-term intermittent multiple micronutrient supplementation enhances hemoglobin and micronutrient status more than iron + folic acid supplementation in Bangladeshi rural adolescent girls with nutritional anemia. J Nutr. 2010;140:1879–1886. doi:10.3945/jn.109.119123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fall CHD, Fisher DJ, Osmond C, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: a meta-analysis of effects on birth size and length of gestation. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30:S533–S546. doi:10.1177/15648265090304S408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kæstel P, Michaelsen KF, Aaby P, Friis H. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplements on birth weight and perinatal mortality: a randomized, controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:1081–1089. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, West KP, Christian P. Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12:274–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicka I, Kocyłowski R, Grzesiak M, et al. Selected trace elements concentrations in pregnancy and their possible role - a literature review. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88:509–514. doi:10.5603/GP.a2017.0093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Yan H, Zeng L, et al. Effects of maternal multimicronutrient supplementation on the mental development of infants in rural western China: follow-up evaluation of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009;123:6–10. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofail F, Persson LÅ, El Arifeen S, et al. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on infant development: a randomized trial from the maternal and infant nutrition interventions, matlab (MINIMat) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:704–711. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.3.704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung BMY, Wiens KP, Kaplan BJ. Does prenatal micronutrient supplementation improve children’s mental development? A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeating DR, Fisher JJ, Perkins AV. Elemental metabolomics and pregnancy outcomes. Nutrients. 2019;11:73. doi:10.3390/nu11010073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanska K, Hanke W, Krol A, et al. Micronutrients during pregnancy and child psychomotor development: opposite effects of zinc and selenium. Environ Res. 2017;158:583–589. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocylowski R, Grzesiak M, Gaj Z, Lorenc W, Suliburska J. Associations between the level of trace elements and minerals and folate in maternal serum and amniotic. Nutrients. 2019;1–12. DOI:10.3390/nu11020328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Tian FJ, Lin Y, Xu WM. Oxidative stress: placenta function and dysfunction. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2016;76:258–271. doi:10.1111/aji.12454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T, Zongrone A, Martorell R. Effect of women’s nutrition before and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26:285–301. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeneabat T, Adugna H, Asmamaw T, et al. Maternal dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy during pregnancy and related factors in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:1–9. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2299-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO and FHI 360. Minimum Dietary diversity for Women: A Guide to Measurement. Rome: FAO. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017;317:2207–2225. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berti C, Biesalski HK, Gärtner R, et al. Micronutrients in pregnancy: current knowledge and unresolved questions. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:689–701. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankrew AS. Completion of maternity continuum of care and factors associated with it among mothers who gave birth in the last one year in Enemay District. J Pregnancy Child Health. 2020;7.
   Google Scholar
• Charnley M, Abayomi J. Micronutrients and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements during pregnancy and lactation. Br J Midwifery. 2016;24:405–414. doi:10.12968/bjom.2016.24.6.405
   Google Scholar
• Manyeh AK, Kukula V, Odonkor G, et al. Socioeconomic and demographic determinants of birth weight in southern rural Ghana: evidence from dodowa health and demographic surveillance system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:1–9. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0956-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JCA. Summary of pathways or mechanisms linking preconception maternal nutrition with birth outcomes. J Nutr. 2016;146:1437S–1444S. doi:10.3945/jn.115.223479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aliwo S, Fentie M, Awoke T, Gizaw Z. Dietary diversity practice and associated factors among pregnant women in North East Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:1–6. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4159-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr. 2013;4:384S–392S. doi:10.3945/an.112.003517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YJ, Gan R-Y, Li S, et al. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules. 2015;20:21138–21156. doi:10.3390/molecules201219753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastro S, Demissie T, Yohannes B. Low birth weight among term newborns in Wolaita Sodo town, South Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18:1–7. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1789-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen L, Benoist B, de Dary O, Hurrell R. Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. WHO FAO. 2006;341. doi:10.1242/jeb.02490.
   Google Scholar
• Chen XK, Wen SW, Fleming N, Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Walker M. Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population-based retrospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:368–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassa GM, Arowojolu AO, Odukogbe AA, Yalew AW, Saaka M. Adverse neonatal outcomes of adolescent pregnancy in northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2019;14:1–20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson W, Moore SE. Adolescent pregnancy, nutrition, and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: what we know and what we don’t know. BJOG. 2016;123:1589–1592. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermudez A, Castaño F, Norton MH. Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health: a systematic review of causal mechanisms. Stud Fam Plann. 2012;43:93–114. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00308.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormick G, Betrán AP, Ciapponi A, Hall DR, Hofmeyr GJ. Inter-pregnancy interval and risk of recurrent pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2016;13. doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0197-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YK, Tseng YT, Chen KT. The epidemiologic characteristics and associated risk factors of preterm birth from 2004 to 2013 in Taiwan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:201. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-02903-1
   Google Scholar
• Sawazaki C, Fukui S, Musha Y. Nutrition in pregnancy. Sanfujinka Chiryo. 2006;71:436–445.
   Google Scholar
• Bainbridge J. The trouble with size 0. Br J Midwifery. 2007;15:38. doi:10.12968/bjom.2007.15.1.22678
   Google Scholar
• Weisman CS, Misra DP, Hillemeier MM, et al. Preconception predictors of birth outcomes: prospective findings from the central Pennsylvania women’s health study. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15:829–835. doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0473-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeric M, Roje D, Medic N, et al. Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and fetal growth in relation to institute of medicine recommendations for gestational weight gain. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89:277–281. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner J. Antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation: benefits beyond iron-folic acid alone. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e1050–e1051. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30389-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sendeku FW, Azeze GG, Fenta SL. Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:1–9. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2835-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kominiarek MA, Rajan P. Nutrition recommendations in pregnancy and lactation. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100:1199–1215. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF’s approach to scaling up nutrition. (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay KL, Gibney ER, Mcauliffe FM. Maternal nutrition among women from Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on Nigeria, and potential implications for pregnancy outcomes among immigrant populations in developed countries. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2012;25:534–546. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01253.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwan N, Greenwood D, Simpson N, McArdle H, Cade J. The relationship between dietary supplement use in late pregnancy and birth outcomes: a cohort study in British women. BJOG. 2010;117:821–829. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02549.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarutti A, Franchi M, Monzio Compagnoni M, Merlino L, Corrao G. Mother’s education and the risk of several neonatal outcomes: an evidence from an Italian population-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:1–10. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1418-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WW. Factors affecting pregnancy and birth outcomes: a holistic approach. J. chem. Inf. Model. 2013;53:1689–1699.
   Google Scholar
• Ugwuja EI, Akubugwo EI, Ibiam UA, Obidoa O. Maternal sociodemographic parameters: impact on trace element status and pregnancy outcomes in Nigerian women. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29:156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondevik GT, Ulstein M, Lie RT, Rana G, Kvåle G. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant Nepali women a study in Kathmandu. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:341–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torheim LE, Ferguson EL, Penrose K, Arimond M. Women in resource. J Nutr. 2010;140:2051S–205BS. doi:10.3945/jn.110.123463
   Google Scholar
• Matthews Z, Channon A, Neal S, et al. Examining the “Urban advantage” in maternal health care in developing countries. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000327. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesalski Hans K, Jana T. Micronutrients in the life cycle: requirements and sufficient supply. NFS J. 2018;11:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.nfs.2018.03.001
   Google Scholar
• Samuel TM, Sakwinska O, Makinen K, et al. Preterm birth: a narrative review of the current evidence on nutritional and bioactive solutions for risk reduction. Nutrients. 2019;11:1–26. doi:10.3390/nu11081811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nations U. 4th Report − The World Nutrition Situation Nutrition throughout the life cycle.pdf. 1997. 1–144.
   Google Scholar
• Rydbeck F, Rahman A, Grandér M, et al. Maternal urinary iodine concentration up to 1.0 mg/L is positively associated with birth weight, length, and head circumference of male offspring. J Nutr. 2014;144:1438–1444. doi:10.3945/jn.114.193029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyprian F, Lefkou E, Varoudi K, Girardi G. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in pregnancy and beyond. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, et al. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2 Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet. 2013;382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JJH, Harari O, Fang ML, et al. Interventions to improve birth outcomes of pregnant women living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. Gates Open Res. 2020;1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M, Medley N. Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behjat Sasan S, Zandvakili F, Soufizadeh N, Baybordi E. The effects of vitamin D supplement on prevention of recurrence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2017;2017.
   Google Scholar
• Horan MK, McGowan CA, Gibney ER, Donnelly JM, McAuliffe FM. The association between maternal dietary micronutrient intake and neonatal anthropometry - Secondary analysis from the ROLO study. Nutr J. 2015;14:1–11. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0095-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M. Effect of zinc deficiency on growth and morbidity in infants 1 1. IOSR–JNHS. 2013;1:22–25.
   Google Scholar
• CSA. Ethiopia 2016 Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hotz C, Brown KH, Rivera JA, et al. Contents International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) Technical Document # 1 Assessment of the Risk of Zinc Deficiency in Populations and Options for Its Control. Food and nutrition bulletin. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kumera G, Awoke T, Melese T, et al. Prevalence of zinc deficiency and its association with dietary, serum albumin and intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Nutr. 2015;1. doi:10.1186/s40795-015-0026-6
   Google Scholar
• Mousa A, Naqash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: an overview of recent evidence. Nutrients. 2019;11:443. doi:10.3390/nu11020443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee BW, King JC. Effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26:118–137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01289.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P, et al. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, DuBard M. Maternal plasma zinc concentrations and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:109–113. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiudzu G, Choko AT, Maluwa A, Huber S, Odland J. Maternal serum concentrations of selenium, copper, and zinc during pregnancy are associated with risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a case-control study from Malawi. J Pregnancy. 2020;2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry Charles P, Weiss NS. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 1992 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:653–657. doi:10.1056/NEJM199203053261001
   Google Scholar
• Haidar J, Melaku U, Pobocik RS. Folate deficiency in women of reproductive age in nine administrative regions of Ethiopia: an emerging public health problem. South Afri J Clin Nutr. 2010;23:132–137. doi:10.1080/16070658.2010.11734327
   Google Scholar
• Liu JM, Mei Z, Ye R, et al. Micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes: double-blind randomized controlled trial in China. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:276–282. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Shang S, Li S, et al. Maternal folic acid supplementation and more prominent birth weight gain in twin birth compared with singleton birth: a cross-sectional study in northwest China. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23:2973–2982. doi:10.1017/S1368980019004580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2019;1450:15–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osungbade KO, Oladunjoye AO. Anaemia in developing countries: burden and prospects of prevention and control. Anemia. 2012. doi:10.5772/29148
   Google Scholar
• Stephen G, Mgongo M, Hussein Hashim T, Katanga J, Stray-Pedersen B, Msuya SE. Anaemia in pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, and adverse perinatal outcomes in Northern Tanzania. Anemia. 2018;2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melku M, Agmas A. Maternal anemia during pregnancy in Bahrdar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia: a facility-based retrospective study. Appl Med Res. 2015;1:2. doi:10.5455/amr.20150129110510
   Google Scholar
• Kumari S, Garg N, Kumar A, et al. Maternal and severe anemia in delivering women is associated with risk of preterm and low birth weight: a cross-sectional study from Jharkhand, India. One Health. 2019;8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan U, González-Cossío T, Neufeld LM, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementations during pregnancy does not lead to greater infant birth size than does iron-only supplementation: a randomized controlled trial in a semirural community in Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:720–725. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.3.720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur M, Chauhan A, Manzar MD, Rajput MM. Maternal anemia and neonatal outcome: a prospective study on urban pregnant women. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2015;9:QC04–QC08.
   Google Scholar
• Symington EA, Baumgartner J, Malan L, et al. Maternal iron-deficiency is associated with premature birth and higher birth weight despite routine antenatal iron supplementation in an urban South African setting: the NuPED prospective study. PLoS One. 2019;14:1–21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means RT. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia: implications and impact in pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood parameters. Nutrients. 2020;12:447. doi:10.3390/nu12020447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai K, Spiegelman D, Shankar AH, Fawzi WW. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:402–411. doi:10.2471/BLT.10.083758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kositamongkol S, Suthutvoravut U, Chongviriyaphan N, Feungpean B, Nuntnarumit P. Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2011;31:471–476. doi:10.1038/jp.2010.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason JB, Dalmiya N The Micronutrient Report. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Radhika MS, Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, et al. Effects of vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on maternal and child health. BJOG. 2002;109:689–693. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01010.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manish P, Anuradha B. A study of maternal vitamin A status and its relationship with intrauterine growth restriction. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2006;56:489–494.
   Google Scholar
• Chen HAN, Qian N, Yan L, Jiang H. Role of serum vitamin a and e in pregnancy. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16:5185–5189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS. Supplementation with vitamins C and e during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:503.e1–503.e12. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.020
   Google Scholar
• Chen S, Li N, Mei Z, et al. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:146–151. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins AV, Vanderlelie JJ. Multiple micronutrient supplementations and birth outcomes: the potential importance of selenium. Placenta. 2016;48:S61–S65. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudfeld CR, Smith ER. New evidence should inform WHO guidelines on multiple micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy. J Nutr. 2019;149:359–361. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar