Polyphenols as dietary supplements: A double-edged sword

References

• Lock K, Pomerleau J, Causer L, Altman DR, McKee M. The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables: implications for the global strategy on diet. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:100–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraga CG. Plant polyphenols: how to translate their in vitro antioxidant actions to in vivo conditions. IUBMB Life. 2007;59:308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo L. Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev. 1998;56:317–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2004;134:3479S–3485S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urquiaga I, Leighton F. Plant polyphenol antioxidants and oxidative stress. Biol Res. 2000;33:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburger JH. Chemopreventive effects of cocoa polyphenols on chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med. 2001;226:891–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DEC, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PAM. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:418–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano J, Puupponen-Pimia R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura-Calixto F. Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake bioavailability and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009;53:1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson G, Holst B. Dietary reference intake (DRI) value for dietary polyphenols: Are we heading in the right direction? Br J Nutr. 2008;99(3):S55–S58.
   Google Scholar
• Tapiero H, Tew KD, Ba GN, Mathe G. Polyphenols: do they play a role in the prevention of human pathologies? Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56:200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollman PCH, Arts ICW. Flavonols, flavones and flavanols-Nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80:1081–1093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JA, Kasum CM. Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Ann Rev Nutr. 2002;22:19–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie GG, Gardner PT, Kyle JAM. Plant polyphenols: are they the new magic bullet? Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62:599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson G. Antioxidant advances. Food TechnolIntl. 2008:30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Clifford MN, Scalbert A. Ellagitannins-Nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80:1118–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr. 2000;130(8S): 2086S–2092S.
   Google Scholar
• Seeram NP. . Bioactive polyphenols from foods and dietary supplements: Challenges and opportunities. In: Series ACSS, editor. Herbs. Vol. 925. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 2006:25–38.
   Google Scholar
• Martin KR, Krueger CG, Rodriguez G, Dreher M, Reed JD. Development of a novel pomegranate standard and new method for the quantitative measurement of pomegranate polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric. 2008;89:157–162.
   Google Scholar
• Amarowicz R, Carle R, Dongowski G. Influence of postharvest processing and storage on the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in foods. Mol Nutr Food. 2009;53 (suppl 2):S151–S183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stracke BA, Rufer CE, Weibel FP, Bub A, Watzl B. Three-year comparison of the polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities in organically and conventionally produced apples (malus domestica bork. cultivar golden delicious). J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:4598–4605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Moreno C, Plaza L, de Ancos B, Cano M. Quantitative bioactive compounds assessment and their relative contribution to the antioxidant capacity of commercial orange juices. J Sci Food Agric. 2003;83:430–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miglio C, Chiavaro E, Visconti A, Fogliano V, Pellegrini N. Effects of different cooking methods on nutritional and physicochemcial characteristics of selected vegetables. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crozier A, Lean MEJ, McDonald MS, Black C. Quantitative analysis of the flavonoid content of commercial tomatoes, onions, lettuce, and celery. J Agric Food Chem. 1997;45:590–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun OC, Chung SJ, Song WO. Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of US adults. J Nutr. 2007;137:1244–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Criti Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45:287–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun OK, Kim DO, Smith NL, Schroeder D, Han JT, Lee CY. Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet. J Sci Food Agric. 2005;85:1715–1724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orvaskainen ML, Torronen R, Koponen JM, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008;138:562–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu M. Commentary: Bioavailability of flavonoids and polyphenols: Call to arms. Mol Pharm. 2007;4:803–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson A, Boyon N, Shao A. Physicians and nurses use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey. Nutr J. 2009; 8:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennen LI, Walker R, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Scalbert A. Risks and safety of poyphenol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:326S–329S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon PS, Clifford MN, Crozier A, et al. How should we assess the effects of exposure to dietary polyphenols in vitro? Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Dietary polyphenols: Good, bad, or indifferent for your health? Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73:341–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JF, Nielsen SE, Haraldsdottir J, et al. Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione P, Sforza S, Galaverna G, et al. Bioavailability of trans-resveratrol from red wine in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005;49: 495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlund I, Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Rantala L, Kesaniemi YA, Aro A. Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin, and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruits and vegetables. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56:891–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow HH, Hakim IA, Vining DR, et al. Effects of dosing condition on the oral bioavailability of green tea catechins after single-dose administration of polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Rres. 2005;11:4627–4633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takeo T. Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996;60:2066–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer JPE, Kuhnle GGC, Williams RJ, Rice-Evans C. Intracellular metabolism and bioactivity of quercetin and its in vivo metabolites. Biochem J. 2003;372:173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie MR, Morton MS, Deighton N, Blake A, Cummings JH. Plasma and urinary phytoestrogens as biomarkers of intake: Validation by duplicate diet analysis. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:447–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heber D. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by ellagitannins. Cancer Lett. 2008;269(2):262–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeram NP, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Suchard M, Li Z, Heber D. Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours. J Nutr. 2006;136: 2481–2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galati G, Lin A, Sultan AM, O’Brien PJ. Cellular and in vivo hepa-totoxicity caused by green tea and phenolic acids and catechins. Free Rad Biol Med. 2006;40:570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassiri-Asl M, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera (grape) and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2009;23:1197–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie GG, Duthie SJ, Kyle JAM. Plant polyphenols in cancer and heart disease: implications as nutritional antioxidants. Nutr Res Rev. 2000;13:79–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade RG, Ginani JS, Lopes GK, Dutra F, Alonso A, HermesLima M. Tannic acid inhibits in vitro iron-dependent free radical formation. Biochimie. 2006;88:1287–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes GK, HM, Hermes-Lima M. Polyphenol tannic acid inhibits hydroxyl radical formation from Fenton reaction by complexing ferrous ions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1472:142–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert JD, Sang S, Yang CS. Possible controversy over dietary polyphenols: Benefits vs risks. Chem Res Toxicol. 2007;20:583–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008;476:107–112.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert JD, Kwon SJ, Hong J, Yang JS. Salivary hydrogen peroxide produced by holding or chewing green tea in the oral cavity. Free Radic Res. 2007;41:850–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburg JH, Weissman DB, Sedaghat T, Babich T. In vitro cytotoxicity of epigallocatechin gallate and tea extracts to cancerous and normal cells from the human oral cavity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;95:191–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong J, Lu H, Meng X, Ryu JH, Hara Y, Yang CS. Stability, cellular uptake, biotransformation, and efflux of tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2002;62:7241–7246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou Z, Sang S, You H, et al. Mechanism of action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Auto-oxidation-dependent inactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and direct effects on growth inhibition in human esophageal cancer KYSE 150 cells. Cancer Res. 2005;65: 8049–8056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina M, Loprinzi C. Soy for breast cancer survivors: A critical review of the literature. J Nutr. 2001;131:3095S–3108S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina MJ, Wood CL. Soy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: Analysis and commentary. Nutrition J. 2008;7:17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes S. Soy isoflavones-Phytoestrogens and what else? J Nutr. 2004;134:1225S–1228S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichenametla SN, Taruscio TG, Barney DL, Exan JH. A review of the effects and mechanisms of polyphenolics in cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46:161–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CY, Santell RC, Haslam SZ, Helferich WG. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 2001;58: 3833–3838.
   Google Scholar
• Allred CD, Ju HY, Allred KF, Chang J, Helferich WG. Dietary genistin stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors similar to that observed with genistein. Carcinogenesis. 2001;22:1667–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB, Lowenstein J, Wiencke J, Lee MM. Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:785–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves DF, Potten CS, Harding C, Shaw LE, Morton MM, Roberts SA. Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:4017–4024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson LR. Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2001;475:89–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strick R, Strissel PL, Borgers S, Smith SL, Rowley JD. Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in the MLL gene and may contribute to infant leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:4790–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr AJ, Bolwell GP. Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80:985–1012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Kojima T, Kawamori T, et al. Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids. Carcinogenesis. 1993;14:1321–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara A, Hirose M, Takahashhi S, Ogawa K, Shirai T, Ito N. Forestomach and kidney carcinogenicity of caffeic acid in F344 rats and C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN F1 mice. Cancer Res. 1991;51:5655–5660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose M, Kawabe M, Shibata M, Takahashi S, Okazaki S, Ito N. Influence of caffeic acid and other o-dihydroxybenzene derivatives on N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-initiated rat forestomach carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1992;13:1825–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbrucker RA, Edwards JA, Wolz E, Davidovich A, Bausch J. Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 2: Dermal, acute and short-term toxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;44:636–650.
   Google Scholar
• Cerda B, Ceron JJ, Tomas-barberan FA, Espin JC. Repeated oral administration of high doses of the pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin to rats for 37 days is not toxic. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:3493–3501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray S, Bagchi D, Lim PM. Acute and long-term safety evaluation of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Res Comm Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2001;109:165–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnick JK, Hailey JR. Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of quercetin, a natural component of foods. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1992;19:423–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu BT, Liehr JG. Inhibition of O-methyltransferase-catalyzed O-methylation of 2 and 4-hydroxyestradiol by quercetin: possible role in estradiol-induced tumorigenesis in hamster kidney. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:1357–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis). Ann Intern Med. 2006;144: 68–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JJF, Dragsted LO, Haraldsdottir J, et al. Green tea extract affects markers of oxidative stress postprandially: lasting antioxidant effect of a flavonoid-free diet. Br J Nutr. 2002;87:343–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Establishing the significance and optimal intake of dietary antioxidants: the biomarker concept. Nutr Rev. 1999;57:104–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perron NR, Brumaghim JL. A review of the antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenol compounds related to iron binding. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2009;53:75–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Zock PL, Katan MB. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:532–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson JM, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Croft KD, Puddey IB. Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations? Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:907–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiani J, Imam S. Medicinal importance of grapefruit juice and its interaction with various drugs. Nutr J. 2007;6:33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahan A, Altman H. Food-drug interaction: Grapefruit juice augments drug bioavailability-mechanism, extent, and relevance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D, Feely J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interactions with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41:343–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmiedlin-Ren P, Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, et al. Mechanisms of enhanced oral availability of CYP3A4 substrates by grapefruit constituents. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997;25:1228–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhr U, Kummert AL. The fate of naringin in humans: a key to grapefruit juice-drug interactions? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;58:365–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare JT, Elliott DP. Grapefruit juice and potential drug interactions. Consult Pharm. 2003;18:466–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galati G, Teng S, Moridani MY, Chan TS, O’Brien J. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug Metab Drug Int. 2000;17:311–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schilter B, Andersson C, Anton R, et al. Guidance for the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations for use in food and food supplements. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41:1625–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer JP, Abd El Mohsen MM, Minihane AM, Mathers JC. Biomarkers of the intake of dietary polyphenols: strengths, limitations and application in nutrition. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:12–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar