The importance of norepinephrine in depression

References

• HalversonJLDepression http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-overview 2010.
   Google Scholar
• United States Surgeon GeneralMental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General – Chapter 2 The fundamentals of mental health and mental illness 1999 Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/pdfs/c2.pdf. Accessed April 11, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• VidebechPRavnkildeBHippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studiesAm J Psychiatry20041611957196615514393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SenSDumanRSanacoraGSerum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: meta-analyses and implicationsBiol Psychiatry20086452753218571629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MonteleonePEndocrine disturbances and psychiatric disordersCurr Opin Psychiatry200114605610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CutterWJNorburyRMurphyDGOestrogen, brain function, and neuropsychiatric disordersJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry20037483784012810759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DoumaSLHusbandCO’DonnellMEBarwinBNWoodendAKEstrogen-related mood disorders reproductive life cycle factorsAdv Nurs Sci200528364375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LasiukGCHegadorenKMThe effects of estradiol on central serotonergic systems and its relationship to mood in womenBiol Res Nurs2007914716017909167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada-CamarenaELópez-RubalcavaCVega-RiveraNRécamier-CarballoSFernández-GuastiAAntidepressant effects of estrogens: a basic approximationBehav Pharmacol20102145146420700047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DantzerRO’ConnorJCFreundGGJohnsonRWKelleyKWFrom inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brainNat Rev Neurosci20089465618073775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DowlatiYHerrmannNSwardfagerWA meta-analysis of cytokines in major depressionBiol Psychiatry20106744645720015486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerovićBJovanovićMMiljkovićBVezmarSGetting the balance right: established and emerging therapies for major depressive disordersNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2010634336420856599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BelmakerRHAgamGMajor depressive disorderN Engl J Med2008358556818172175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrishnanVNestlerEJThe molecular neurobiology of depressionNature200845589490218923511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuttDJRelationship of neurotransmitters to the symptoms of major depressive disorderJ Clin Psychiatry200869Suppl E14718494537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarinHMenzaMAThe management of fatigue in depressed patientsEssent Psychopharmacol2005618519216041915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CowenPJSerotonin and depression: pathophysiological mechanism or marketing mythTrends Pharmacol Sci20082943343618585794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelgadoPLMorenoFARole of norepinephrine in depressionJ Clin Psychiatry200061Suppl 151210703757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DunlopBWNemeroffCBThe role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depressionArch Gen Psychiatry20076432733717339521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MontgomerySAThe under-recognized role of dopamine in the treatment of major depressive disorderInt Clin Psychopharmacol200823636918301120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StahlSMStahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications3rd edNew York, NYCambridge University Press2008
   Google Scholar
• DrevetsWCBogersWRaichleMEFunctional anatomical correlates of antidepressant drug treatment assessed using PET measures of regional glucose metabolismEur Neuropsychopharmacol20021252754412468016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StahlSMSymptoms and circuits, part 1: major depressive disorderJ Clin Psychiatry2003641282128314658940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StahlSMZhangLDamatarcaCGradyMBrain circuits determine destiny in depression: a novel approach to psychopharmacology of wakefulness, fatigue and executive dysfunction in major depressive disorderJ Clin Psychiatry200364Suppl 14617
   Google Scholar
• StahlSMSymptoms and circuits, part 3: schizophreniaJ Clin Psychiatry2004658914744162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StahlSMBrainstorms: symptoms and circuits, part 2: anxiety disordersJ Clin Psychiatry2003641408140914728099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapazianOAlfonsoILuzondoRJExecutive function disordersRev Neurol.200642Suppl 3S45S5016642451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BrileyMMoretCImprovement of social adaptation in depression with serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorsNeuropsychiatr Dis Treat2010664765520957125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannJJStanleyMMcBridePAMcEwenBSIncreased serotonin2 and beta-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victimsArch Gen Psychiatry1986439549593019268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OrdwayGASchenkJStockmeierCAMayWKlimekVElevated agonist binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus in major depressionBiol Psychiatry20035331532312586450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EscribáPVOzaitaAGarcía-SevillaJAIncreased mRNA expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors, serotonin receptors and muopioid receptors in the brains of suicide victimsNeuropsychopharmacology2004291512152115199368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValdizánEMDíez-AlarciaRGonzález-MaesoJα(2)-Adrenoceptor functionality in postmortem frontal cortex of depressed suicide victimsBiol Psychiatry20106886987220864091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KlimekVStockmeierCOverholserJReduced levels of norepinephrine transporters in the locus coeruleus in major depressionJ Neurosci199717845184589334417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GurguisGNVoSPGriffithJMRushAJPlatelet alpha2A-adrenoceptor function in major depression: Gi coupling, effects of imipramine and relationship to treatment outcomePsychiatry Res199989739510646827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaesMVan GastelADelmeireLMeltzerHYDecreased platelet alpha-2 adrenoceptor density in major depression: effects of tricyclic antidepressants and fluoxetineBiol Psychiatry19994527828410023502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangYMXuFGainetdinovRRCaronMGGenetic approaches to studying norepinephrine function: knockout of the mouse norepinephrine transporter geneBiol Psychiatry1999461124113010560019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaenischBBilkei-GorzoACaronMGBönischHKnockout of the norepinephrine transporter and pharmacologically diverse anti-depressants prevent behavioral and brain neurotrophin alterations in two chronic stress models of depressionJ Neurochem200911140341619694905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LinZMadrasBKHuman genetics and pharmacology of neurotransmitter transportersHandb Exp Pharmacol200617532737116722243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OnoHShirakawaONushidaHUenoYMaedaKAssociation between catechol-O-methyltransferase functional polymorphism and male suicide completersNeuropsychopharmacology2004291374137715127078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OharaKNagaiMSuzukiYOharaKLow activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase gene and Japanese unipolar depressionNeuroreport19989130513089631418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrischAPostilnickDRockahRAssociation of unipolar major depressive disorder with genes of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathwaysMol Psychiatry1999438939210483058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KunugiHValladaHPHodaFNo evidence for an association of affective disorders with high- or low-activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase geneBiol Psychiatry1997422822859270905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BermanRMNarasimhanMMillerHLTransient depressive relapse induced by catecholamine depletion: potential phenotypic vulnerability markerArch Gen Psychiatry19995639540310232292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RuheHGMasonNSScheneAHMood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studiesMol Psychiatry20071233135917389902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuttDDemyttenaereKJankaZThe other face of depression, reduced positive affect: the role of catecholamines in causation and cureJ Psychopharmacol20072146147117050654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MassanaJReboxetine versus fluoxetine: an overview of efficacy and tolerabilityJ Clin Psychiatry199859Suppl 148109818624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MontgomerySAReboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patientJ Psychopharmacol1997114 SupplS9S159438228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EydingDLelgemannMGrouvenUReboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trialsBMJ2010341c473720940209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapakostasGIThaseMEFavaMNelsonJCSheltonRCAre antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer agentsBiol Psychiatry2007621217122717588546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoretCUnderstanding neurotransmission in the brain Available from: http://www.psy-world.com/unt_noradr.htm. Accessed December 14, 2010.
   Google Scholar