802
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Expert Opinion

Pharmacological treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: update and proposal of a clinical algorithm

, &
Pages 1525-1535 | Published online: 05 Jun 2019

References

  • National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. Last Revised 2016 Feb; NIH publication no. 15-3517; 2009 Avialable from: www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia-booklet/index.shtml Accessed Jul 31, 2018
  • Burton N. Living with Schizophrenia. Oxford: Acheron Press; 2012:P20.
  • Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, et al. The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):214–219. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj05316481659
  • Blanchard JJ, Kring AM, Horan WP, et al. Toward the next generation of negative symptom assessments: the collaboration to advance negative symptom assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(2):291–299. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq10420861151
  • Leucht S, Davis JM. Schizophrenia, primary negative symptoms, and soft outcomes in psychiatry. Lancet. 2017;389(10074):1077–1078. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30181-228185671
  • Hunter R, Barry S. Negative symptoms and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: neglected but important targets for treatment. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(6):432–436. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.01521602034
  • Németh G, Laszlovszky I, Czobor P, et al. Cariprazine versus risperidone monotherapy for treatment of predominant negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10074):1103–1113. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30060-028185672
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management (CG178); 2014 Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk (Accessed 284 2017).
  • Corponi F, Serretti A, Montgomery S, Fabbri C. Cariprazine specificity profile in the treatment of acute schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized-controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(6):309–318.28727644
  • Jackson JH. On temporary mental disorders after epileptic paroxysms. West Riding Lunatic Asylum Med Rep. 1885;5:105‐29.
  • Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. New York: Huntington; 1919.
  • Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox, or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press; 1950.
  • Foussias G, Remington G. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: avolition and Occam’s razor. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(2):359–369. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn09418644851
  • Malaspina D, Walsh-Messinger J, Gaebel W, et al. Negative symptoms, past and present: a historical perspective and moving to DSM-5. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):710–724. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.01824314851
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Author; 1980.
  • Schneider K. Clinical Psychopathology. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1959.
  • Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? Bmj. 1980;280(7):66–68. doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6207.666101544
  • Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:789–794.7165478
  • Peralta V, de Leon J, Cuesta MJ. Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia? A critique of the positive-negative dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:335–343.1356572
  • Galderisi S, Mucci A, Bitter I, Libiger J, Bucci P, Fleischhacker WW, Eufest Study Group. Persistent negative symptoms in first episode patients with schizophrenia: results from the European first episode schizophrenia trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(3):196–204. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.01922647933
  • Carpenter WT. The deficit syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:327–329. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.3278109640
  • Kirkpatrick B, Mucci A, Galderisi S. Primary, enduring negative symptoms: an update on research. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(4):730–736. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx06428575513
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author; 2013.
  • World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
  • Tandon R, Gaebel W, Barch DM, et al. Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.02823800613
  • Davis MC, Horan WP, Marder SR. Psychopharmacology of the negative symptoms: current status and prospects for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:788–799. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.01024252823
  • Garay RP, Citrome L, Samalin L, et al. Therapeutic improvements expected in the near future for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an appraisal of phase III clinical trials of schizophrenia-targeted therapies as found in US and EU clinical trial registries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;19:1–16.
  • Kirkpatrick B, Strauss GP, Nguyen L, et al. The brief negative symptom scale: psychometric properties. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(2):300–305. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq05920558531
  • Ahmed AO, Strauss GP, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Carpenter WT. Are negative symptoms dimensional or categorical? Detection and validation of de cit schizo-phrenia with taxometric and latent variable mixture models. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:879–891. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt19425399026
  • Barry SJ, Gaughan TM, Hunter R. Schizophrenia. BMJ Clin Evid. 2012;2012:pii: 1007.
  • Gillespie AL, Samanaite R, Mill J, Egerton A, MacCabe JH. Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia categorically distinct from treatment-responsive schizophrenia? A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:12. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1489-628086761
  • Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, et al. Course of illness in a sample of 265 patients with first-episode psychosis–five-year follow-up of the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2–3):173–178. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.09.01818945593
  • Levine SZ, Leucht S. Attaining and sustaining remission of predominant negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2013;143(1):60–64. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.01023218563
  • Schennach-Wolff R, Jäger M, Mayr A, et al. Predictors of response and remission in the acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenia patients–is it all about early response? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(5):370–378. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.10.00321255982
  • Best MW, Grossman M, Oyewumi LK, Bowie CR. Examination of the positive and negative syndrome scale factor structure and longitudinal relationships with functioning in early psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2016;10(2):165–170. doi:10.1111/eip.1219025277757
  • Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Garibaldi G, Bugarski-Kirola D, Berardo CG, Kapur S. Negative symptoms have greater impact on functioning than positive symptoms in schizophrenia: analysis of CATIE data. Schizophr Res. 2012;137(1–3):147–150. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.01522316568
  • Cacciotti-Saija C, Langdon R, Ward PB, Hickie IB, Guastella AJ. Clinical symptoms predict concurrent social and global functioning in an early psychosis sample. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2015;12(2):177–184. doi:10.1111/eip.1229526626426
  • Downs J, Dean H, Lechler S, et al. Negative symptoms in early-onset psychosis and their association with antipsychotic treatment failure. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45(1):69–79. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx19729370404
  • Ventura J, Subotnik KL, Gitlin MJ, et al. Negative symptoms and functioning during the first year after a recent onset of schizophrenia and 8 years later. Schizophr Res. 2015;161(2–3):407–413. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.04325499044
  • Hovington CL, Bodnar M, Joober R, Malla AK, Lepage M. Impairment in verbal memory observed in first episode psychosis patients with persistent negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2013;147(2–3):223–229. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.00623628602
  • Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(5):578–583. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.5.5783358462
  • Carbon M, Correll CU. Thinking and acting beyond the positive: the role of the cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(Suppl 1):38–52. quiz 35-7, 53 DOI:10.1017/S109285291400060125403863
  • Galderisi S, Quarantelli M, Volpe U, et al. Patterns of structural MRI abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(2):393–401. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm09717728266
  • Kirkpatrick B, Progress in the study of negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2014;Suppl 2:S101–S106. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt15824562490
  • Kirkpatrick B, Galderisi S. Deficit schizophrenia: an update. World Psychiatry. 2008;7:143–147. doi:10.1002/wps.2008.7.issue-318836581
  • Buchanan RW. Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: an overview. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1013–1022. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl05717099070
  • Galderisi S, Maj M, Mucci A, et al. Historical, psychopathological, neurological, and neuropsychological aspects of deficit schizophrenia: a multicenter study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(6):983–990. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.98312042187
  • Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261–276.3616518
  • Buchanan RW, Panagides J, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine versus olanzapine in people with persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(1):36–45. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f880a22198451
  • Stauffer VL, Song G, Kinon BJ, et al. Responses to antipsychotic therapy among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and either predominant or prominent negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2012;134:195–201. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.02822019076
  • Alphs L, Panagides J, Lancaster S. Asenapine in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical trial design and rationale. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40:41–53.
  • Marder SR, Alphs L, Anghelescu I-G, et al. Issues and perspectives in designing clinical trials for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2–3):328–333. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.05824028744
  • Krause M, Zhu Y, Huhn M, et al. Antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia and predominant or prominent negative symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268(7):625–639. doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0869-329368205
  • Tandon R. Antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:4–8. doi:10.4088/JCP.10075su1.0122217436
  • Solmi M, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:757–777. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S11732128721057
  • Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):31–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X19058842
  • Leucht S. Amisulpride a selective dopamine antagonist and atypical antipsychotic: results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7(1):S15–S20. doi:10.1017/S146114570400410914972080
  • Kumar S, Chaudhury S. Efficacy of amisulpride and olanzapine for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments: an open-label clinical study. Ind Psychiatry J. 2014;23(1):27–35. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.14495325535442
  • Levine SZ, Leucht S. Treatment response heterogeneity in the predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia: analysis of amisulpride vs placebo in three clinical trials. Schizophr Res. 2014;156(1):107–114. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.00524794879
  • Möller HJ. Amisulpride: efficacy in the management of chronic patients with predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251(5):217–224.11829208
  • Pani L, Gessa G. The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:247–253. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.400104011920152
  • Citrome L. Cariprazine for acute and maintenance treatment of adults with schizophrenia: an evidence-based review and place in therapy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:2563–2577. doi:10.2147/NDT.S15970430323605
  • Citrome L. Cariprazine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9(2):193–206. doi:10.1517/17425255.2013.75921123320989
  • Németh B, Molnár A, Akehurst R, et al. Quality-adjusted life year difference in patients with predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia treated with cariprazine and risperidone. J Comp Eff Res. 2017;6(8):639–648. doi:10.2217/cer-2017-002428511548
  • Lindenmayer JP, Khan A, Iskander A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of primary negative symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(3):368–379. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n030317388705
  • Riedel M, Muller N, Strassnig M, et al. Quetiapine has equivalent efficacy and superior tolerability to risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255(6):432–437. doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0622-616267634
  • Silver H, Nassar A. Fluvoxamine improves negative symptoms in treated chronic schizophrenia: an add-on double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;31:698–704. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90279-91599987
  • Spina E, De Domenico P, Ruello C, et al. Adjunctive fluoxetine in the treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;9:281–285. doi:10.1097/00004850-199400940-000077868850
  • Goff DC, Midha KK, Sarid-Segal O, Hubbard JW, Amico E. A placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine added to neuroleptic in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology. 1995;117:417–423. doi:10.1007/BF022462137604142
  • Salokangas RK, Saarijärvi S, Taiminen T, et al. Citalopram as an adjuvant in chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94:175–180. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09844.x8891083
  • Taiminen TJ, Syvälahti E, Saarijärvi S, et al. Citalopram as an adjuvant in schizophrenia: further evidence for a serotonergic dimension in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;12:31–35. doi:10.1097/00004850-199701000-000049179631
  • Jockers-Scherübl MC, Bauer A, Godemann F, Reischies FM, Selig F, Schlattmann P. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are improved by the addition of paroxetine to neuroleptics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20:27–31. doi:10.1097/00004850-200501000-0000615602113
  • Helfer B, Samara MT, Huhn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants added to antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(9):876–886. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.1508103527282362
  • Rummel C, Kissling W, Leucht S. Antidepressants as add-on treatment to antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and pronounced negative symptoms: a systematic review of randomized trials. Schizophr Res. 2005;80(1):85–97. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.03516183258
  • Singh SP, Singh V, Kar N, Chan K. Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(3):174–179. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.06771020807960
  • Fusar-Poli P, Papanastasiou E, Stahl D, et al. Treatments of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):892–899. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu17025528757
  • Cariprazine Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/reagila-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2019.
  • Carlsson A, Carlsson ML. A dopaminergic deficit hypoth- esis of schizophrenia: the path to discovery. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8:137–142.16640125
  • Seeman P, Lee T. Antipsychotic drugs: direct correlation between clinical potency and presynaptic action on dopamine neurons. Science. 1975;188:1217–1219. doi:10.1126/science.11451941145194
  • Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-323810019
  • Elis O, Caponigro JM, Kring AM. Psychosocial treatments for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: current practices and future directions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):914–928. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.00123988452
  • Peters JU. Polypharmacology—foe or friend? J Med Chem. 2013;56:8955–8971.23919353