QT and P-wave dispersion during the manic phase of bipolar disorder

References

• Eroğlu Zengin M, Özpoyraz N. Long term treatment in bipolar bisorder. Curr Approaches Psychiatry. 2010;2(2):206–236.
   Google Scholar
• Young AH, Grunze H. Physical health of patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2013;442:3–10. doi:10.1111/acps.12117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coello K, Kjærstad HL, Stanislaus S, et al. Thirty-year cardiovascular risk score in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;5:4867418815987 Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein BI, Schaffer A, Wang S, et al. Excessive and premature new-onset cardiovascular disease among adults with bipolar disorder in the US NESARC cohort. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2):163–169. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m0930025742203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westman J, Hallgren J, Wahlbeck K, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ Open. 2013;3(4):e002373. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray DP, Weiner M, Prabhakar M, Fiedorowicz JG. Mania and mortality: why the excess cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11(6):475–480.19909670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wazen GLL, Gregório ML, Kemp AH, Godoy MF. Heart rate variability in patients with bipolar disorder: from mania to euthymia. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;99:33–38. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.00829407285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Endicott J, et al. Manic/hypomanic symptom burden predicts cardiovascular mortality with bipolar disorder in the collaborative depression study. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(6):598–606. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181acee2619561163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst F, Stassen HH, Clayton PJ, Angst J. Mortality of patients with mood disorders: follow-up over 34–38 years. J Affect Disord. 2002;68(2–3):167–181. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00377-912063145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, et al. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(9):844–850. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.84411545667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacono WG, Lykken DT, Peloquin LJ, Lumry AE, Valentine RH, Tuason VB. Electrodermal activity in euthymic unipolar and bipolar affective disorders: a possible marker for depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40(5):557–565. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.017900500830106838333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake CR, Pickar D, Ziegler MG, Lipper S, Slater S, Murphy DL. High plasma norepinephrine levels in patients with major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(10):1315–1318. doi:10.1176/ajp.139.10.13156289682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Ghaemi SN. Understanding manic-depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:23–25. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.239435756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn TP, Nurnberger JI Jr, Berrettini WH. Electrodermal activity in young adults at genetic risk for affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(12):1120–1124. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.018101200620102589926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HA, Chang CC, Tzeng NS, Kuo TB, Lu RB, Huang SY. Heart rate variability in unmedicated patients with bipolar disorder in the manic phase. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(9):674–682. doi:10.1111/pcn.1217824612182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosu AR, Demir S, Yüksel Kaya MS, et al. Increased QT dispersion and P wave dispersion in major depressive disorder. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013;18(2):110–112.23940433
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atmaca M, Yavuzkir M, Izci F, et al. QT wave dispersion in patients with panic disorder. Neurosci Bull. 2012;28(3):247–252. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1237-322622824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavuzkir MF, Atmaca M, Gurok MG, et al. P wave dispersion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57(2):196–199. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.15819326124527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izci F, Hocagil H, Izci S, Izci V, Koc MI, Acar RD. P-wave and QT dispersion in patients with conversion disorder. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;26(11):475–480. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S81852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmaca M, Korkmaz H, Korkmaz SP. wave dispersion in patients with hypochondriasis. Neurosci Lett. 2010;485(3):148–150. doi:10.1056/NEJMra04343020813155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran H, White CM, Chow MS, Kluger J. An evaluation of the impact of gender and age on QT dispersion in healthy subjects. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2001;6(2):129–133.11333170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik M, Batchvarov VN. Measurement, interpretation and clinical potential of QT dispersion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(6):1749–1766.11092641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perzanowski C, Ho AT, Jacobson AK. Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J Electrocardiol. 2005;38:43–46. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2004.09.00815660346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schocken K. The analysis of the normal QT interval. Exp Med Surg. 1955;13(3):258–260.13262065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies LG, Ross IP. Abnormal P waves and paroxysmal tachycardia. Br Heart J. 1963;25(5):570–574. doi:10.1136/hrt.25.5.57014063002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman BH, Thayer JF. Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: a cardiovascular approach. Biol Psychol. 1998;49(3):303–323.9858059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoeck J, Decoster H, Vrints C, et al. Predictive value of the P wave at implantation for atrial fibrillation after VVI pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1992;15(11):2077–2083.1279603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waggoner AD, Adyanthaya AV, Quinones MA, Alexander JK. Left atrial enlargement. Echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria. Circulation. 1976;54(4):553–557.134852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robyns T, Willems R, Vandenberk B, et al. Individualized corrected QT interval is superior to QT interval corrected using the Bazett formula in predicting mutation carriage in families with long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(3):376–382. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.06.01528212739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor V, McKinnon MC, Macdonald K, et al. Adults with mood disorders have an increased risk profile for cardiovascular disease within the first 2 years of treatment. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(6):362–368. doi:10.1177/07067437100550060520540831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naiberg MR, Newton DF, Collins JE, et al. Elevated triglycerides are associated with decreased executive function among adolescents with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;134(3):241–248. doi:10.1111/acps.1260327329743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein BI. Bipolar disorder and the vascular system: mechanisms and new prevention opportunities. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(12):1565–1576. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.10.00629173599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomisto K, Jousilahti P, Sundvall J, Pajunen P, Salomaa V. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as predictors of incident coronary and cardiovascular events and total mortality. A population-based, prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95(3):511–518.16525580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685–1695. doi:10.1056/NEJMra04343015843671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili M, Venturini P, Lamis DA, et al. Suicide in stroke survivors: epidemiology and prevention. Drugs Aging. 2015;32(1):21–29. doi:10.1007/s40266-014-0233-x25491561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt E, Emul M, Ozbulut O, et al. Is valproate promising in cardiac fatal arrhythmias? Comparison of P- and Q-wave dispersion in bipolar affective patients on valproate or lithium-valproate maintenance therapy with healthy controls. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(3):328–333. doi:10.1177/026988110808959418515458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altinbas K, Guloksuz S, Caglar IM, Caglar FN, Kurt E, Oral ET. Electrocardiography changes in bipolar patients during long-term lithium monotherapy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(6):694–697. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.00125091141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anticevic A, Brumbaugh MS, Winkler AM, et al. Global prefrontal and fronto-amygdala dysconnectivity in bipolar I disorder with psychosis history. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(6):565–573. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.03122980587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigger J, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. The ability of several short-term measures of RR variability to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88:927–934.8353919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(4):256–262. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-83812275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana DS, Westlye LT, Kaufmann T, et al. Reduced heart rate variability in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(1):44–52. doi:10.1111/acps.1249826371411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry BL, Minassian A, Paulus MP, Geyer MA, Perry W. Heart rate variability in bipolar mania and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44(3):168–176. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.07.01119700172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar