Psychological Impact of COVID-19, Isolation, and Quarantine: A Cross-Sectional Study

References

• WHO. Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19); 2020. Available from: file:///C:/Users/gjassim/Downloads/20200229-covid-19-quarantine.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• MOH. Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest updates; 2020. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.bh/COVID19/Details/3926. Accessed 429, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. Global surveillance for human infection with coronavirus disease (COVID-19); 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-human-infection-with-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov). Accessed 429, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Füzéki E, Groneberg DA, Banzer W. Physical activity during COVID-19 induced lockdown: recommendations. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2020;15(1):25. doi:10.1186/s12995-020-00278-932817753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks S, Webster B, Smith L, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-832112714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almutairi AF, Adlan AA, Balkhy HH, Abbas OA, Clark AM. “It feels like I’m the dirtiest person in the world.”: exploring the experiences of healthcare providers who survived MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(2):187–191. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2017.06.01128676285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak WW, Cheung F, Woo J, et al. A comparative study of the stigma associated with infectious diseases (SARS, AIDS, TB). Hong Kong Med J. 2009;15(Suppl 8):34–37.20393211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu JY. The SARS-associated stigma of SARS victims in the post-SARS era of Hong Kong. Qual Health Res. 2008;18(6):729–738. doi:10.1177/104973230831837218503014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Chan LY, Chau AM, Kwok KP, Kleinman A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(9):2038–2046. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.01015913861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Yang Z, Qiu H, et al. Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(2):249–250. doi:10.1002/wps.2075832394560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(2):e100213. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff M, Bakker A, Frewen P, et al. Screening for consequences of trauma – an update on the global collaboration on traumatic stress. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1752504. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.175250432489523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:790. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.0079032848952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ, Mamun MA. Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent causative factor. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113145. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11314532544650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamun MA, Griffiths MD. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102073. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10207332278889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBBAf. Available from: https://apps.bahrain.bh/CMSWebApplication/action/ShowAppDetailsAction?selectedAppID=321&appLanguage=en. Accessed 429, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd JH, Weissman MM, Thompson WD, Myers JK. Screening for depression in a community sample: understanding the discrepancies between depression symptom and diagnostic scales. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(10):1195–1200. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.042901000590107125849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss D. The Impact of Event Scale—revised. New York: Guilford; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002;190(3):175–182. doi:10.1097/00005053-200203000-0000611923652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric properties of the impact of event scale - revised. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(12):1489–1496. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.01014705607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura N, Kim Y, Asukai N. Suppression of cellular immunity in men with a past history of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(3):484–486. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.48411229994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rie A, Sengupta S, Pungrassami P, et al. Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(1):21–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01971.x18290998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazarian S, Taher D. Validation of the Arabic Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in a Lebanese Community Sample. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2010;26:68–73. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousef H, Alharthi S, Alzahrani A. ARTICLE Reliability and Validity of Arabic Translation of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised for COVID-19 Pandemic Medical Science. 2020;24.
   Google Scholar
• Alsalman A, Jahrami H, Mubarak H, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the population of Bahrain: prevalence and Comparison study. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020131. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i4.1033633525217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkhamees AA, Alrashed SA, Alzunaydi AA, Almohimeed AS, Aljohani MS. The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;102:152192. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.15219232688022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daftary A. HIV and tuberculosis: the construction and management of double stigma. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(10):1512–1519. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.02722444460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, Dobler CC. Social stigma in the time of coronavirus disease 2019. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2):2002461. doi:10.1183/13993003.02461-202032631833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burki T. The indirect impact of COVID-19 on women. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):904–905. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30568-532738239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11319032563745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11293432229390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, et al. Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in france confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2025591–e2025591. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2559133095252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kecojevic A, Basch CH, Sullivan M, Davi NK. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.023969632997683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu P, Liu X, Fang Y, et al. Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43(6):706–712. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn07318790829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar