Comparing Theory of Mind Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Language Disorder, and Typical Development

References

• Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition. 1985;21(1):37–46. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. The autistic child’s theory of mind: a case of specific developmental delay. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 1989;30(2):285–297. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith U. Autism and “Theory of Mind.”. In: Gillberg C, editor. Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism. Boston: Springer; 1989:33–52. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0882-7_4
   Google Scholar
• Chiu HM, Chen CT, Tsai CH, et al. Theory of mind predicts social interaction in children with autism spectrum disorder: a two-year follow-up study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05662-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Campbell R, Karmiloff-Smith A, Grant J, Walker J. Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? Br J Dev Psychol. 1995;13(4):379–398. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1995.tb00687.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tager-Flusberg H. Evaluating the theory-of-mind hypothesis of autism. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16(6):311–315. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00527.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher N, Happe F, Dunn J. The relationship between vocabulary, grammar, and false belief task performance in children with autistic spectrum disorders and children with moderate learning difficulties. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2005;46(4):409–419. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00371.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph RM. How language facilitates the acquisition of false-belief understanding in children with autism. In: Astington JW, Baird JA, editors. Why Language Matters for Theory of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005:298–318.
   Google Scholar
• Kjelgaard MM, Tager-Flusberg H. An investigation of language impairment in autism: implications for genetic subgroups. Lang Cogn Process. 2001;16(2–3):287–308. doi:10.1080/01690960042000058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts JA, Rice ML, Tager–Flusberg H. Tense marking in children with autism. Appl Psycholinguist. 2004;25(3):429–448. doi:10.1017/S0142716404001201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennett DC. Beliefs about beliefs. Behav Brain Sci. 1978;1(4):568–570. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00076664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner J, Leekam SR, Wimmer H. Three-year olds’ difficulty with false belief: the case for a conceptual deficit. Br J Dev Psychol. 1987;5(2):125–137. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1987.tb01048.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudoin C, Leblanc É, Gagner C, Beauchamp MH. Systematic review and inventory of theory of mind measures for young children. Front Psychol. 2020;10:2905. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins TL, Bonazinga LA, Prelock PA, Taylor RS. Beyond false beliefs: the development and psychometric evaluation of the perceptions of children’s theory of mind measure—experimental version (PCToMM-E). J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(1):143–155. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0377-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins TL, Prelock PA, Bonazinga L. Psychometric evaluation of the theory of mind inventory (ToMI): a study of typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(3):327–341. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1244-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altschuler M, Sideridis G, Kala S, et al. Measuring individual differences in cognitive, affective, and spontaneous theory of mind among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(11):3945–3957. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3663-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apperly IA. What is “theory of mind”? Concepts, cognitive processes and individual differences. Q J Exp Psychol. 2012;65(5):825–839. doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.676055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leekam SR, Perner J. Does the autistic child have a metarepresentational deficit? Cognition. 1991;40(3):203–218. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90025-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happe FGE, The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Dev. 1995;66(3):843–855. doi:10.2307/1131954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler DM. “Theory of mind” in Asperger’s syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(5):877–893. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozonoff S, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991;32(7):1081–1105. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucas T, Charman T, Pickles A, et al. Autistic symptomatology and language ability in autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment: autistic symptomatology and language ability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(11):1184–1192. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01951.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan K, Astington JW, Dack LA. Language and theory of mind: meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding. Child Dev. 2007;78(2):622–646. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01018.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrleman S, Delage H. Autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment: overlaps in syntactic profiles. Lang Acquis. 2016;23(4):361–386. doi:10.1080/10489223.2016.1179741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele S, Joseph RM, Tager-Flusberg H. Brief report: developmental change in theory of mind abilities in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(4):461–467. doi:10.1023/A:1025075115100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Villiers J. Language and theory of mind: what are the developmental relationships. In: Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen DJ, editors. Understanding Other Minds: Perspective from Developmental Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000:83–123.
   Google Scholar
• Durrleman S. Mentalizing: what’s language got to do with it? Lang Acquis. 2020;27(3):255–275. doi:10.1080/10489223.2020.1769624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrleman S, Bentea A, Prisecaru A, Thommen E, Delage H. Training syntax to enhance theory of mind in children with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05507-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind SE, Bowler DM. Language and theory of mind in autism spectrum disorder: the relationship between complement syntax and false belief task performance. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(6):929–937. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0702-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman T, Baron-Cohen S. Understanding drawings and beliefs: a further test of the metarepresentation theory of autism: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 1992;33(6):1105–1112. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulgarelli D, Testa S, Molina P. Theory of mind development in Italian children with specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorder: delay, deficit, or neither? J Autism Dev Disord. 2022:1. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05389-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apperly IA, Butterfill SA. Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychol Rev. 2009;116(4):953–970. doi:10.1037/a0016923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigsti IM, Irvine CA. Verbal mediation of theory of mind in verbal adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Lang Acquis. 2021;28(2):195–213. doi:10.1080/10489223.2021.1877705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astington JW, Jenkins JM. A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory-of-mind development. Dev Psychol. 1999;35(5):1311–1320. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellabona ES, Sánchez CR, Majoral EV, Guitart ME, Caballero FS, Ortiz JS. Labelling improves false belief understanding. A training study. Span J Psychol. 2013;16:E6. PMID: 23866253. doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick B, de Villiers P, de Villiers J, Hoffmeister R. Language and theory of mind: a study of deaf children. Child Dev. 2007;78(2):376–396. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren KA, Folstein SE, Tomblin JB, Tager-Flusberg H. Language and reading abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment and their first-degree relatives. Autism Res. 2009;2(1):22–38. doi:10.1002/aur.63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop DVM. Why is it so hard to reach agreement on terminology? The case of developmental language disorder (DLD): terminology and the case of DLD. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2017;52(6):671–680. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard LB. Specific language impairment across languages. Child Dev Perspect. 2014;8(1):1–5. doi:10.1111/cdep.12053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanoudis G. Theory of mind and specific language impairment in school-age children. J Commun Disord. 2016;61:83–96. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson KK, de López KJ. Theory of mind in children with specific language impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Dev. 2016;87(1):143–153. doi:10.1111/cdev.12462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulgarelli D, Molina P. Teoria della mente nei bambini con disturbo specifico di linguaggio: una questione di competenza o di Performance? G Ital Psicol. 2013;4:761–784. doi:10.1421/76946
   Google Scholar
• Loukusa S, Mäkinen L, Kuusikko-Gauffin S, Ebeling H, Moilanen I. Theory of mind and emotion recognition skills in children with specific language impairment, autism spectrum disorder and typical development: group differences and connection to knowledge of grammatical morphology, word-finding abilities and verbal working memory: social perception in SLI, ASD and TD. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2014;49(4):498–507. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar MJ, Johnson B, Tompkins V, Easters M, Zilisi-Medus A, Benigno JP. Language and theory of mind in preschool children with specific language impairment. J Commun Disord. 2009;42(6):428–441. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields J, Varley R, Broks P, Simpson A. Social cognition in developmental language disorders and high-level autism. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;38(6):487–495. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12109.x
   Google Scholar
• Gillott A, Furniss F, Walter A. Theory of mind ability in children with specific language impairment. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2004;20(1):1–11. doi:10.1191/0265659004ct260oa
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer J. Linguistic and cognitive abilities in children with specific language impairment as compared to children with high-functioning autism. Lang Acquis. 2018;25(1):5–23. doi:10.1080/10489223.2016.1188928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Buijsen M, Hendriks A, Ketelaars M, Verhoeven L. Assessment of theory of mind in children with communication disorders: role of presentation mode. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):1038–1045. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha M. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. American psychiatric association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Raven JC, Court JH, Raven J. Coloured Progressive Matrices. Oxford Psychological Press; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenberger I, Meilijson S. Hebrew language assessment measure for preschool children: a comparison between typically developing children and children with specific language impairment. Lang Test. 2014;31(1):19–38. doi:10.1177/0265532213491961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins TL, Prelock PA, Chace W. Test-retest reliability of a theory of mind task battery for children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2008;23(4):195–206. doi:10.1177/1088357608322998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie AM, Friedman O, German TP. Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004;8(12):528–533. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CA. False belief and sentence complement performance in children with specific language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2004;39(2):191–213. doi:10.1080/13682820310001616994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins TL, Prelock PA, Morris H, Benner J, LaVigne T, Hoza B. Explicit vs. applied theory of mind competence: a comparison of typically developing males, males with ASD, and males with ADHD. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2016;21:94–108. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider D, Slaughter VP, Dux PE. Current evidence for automatic theory of mind processing in adults. Cognition. 2017;162:27–31. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist KA, Satpute AB, Gendron M. Does language do more than communicate emotion? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2015;24(2):99–108. doi:10.1177/0963721414553440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Justice LM, Rhoad-Drogalis A, Lin TJ, Sawyer B. Social networks of children with developmental language disorder in inclusive preschool programs. Child Dev. 2020;91(2):471–487. doi:10.1111/cdev.13183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redmond SM. Peer victimization among students with specific language impairment, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and typical development. LSHSS. 2011;42(4):520–535. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0078)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar