Decline in Working Memory in Stable Schizophrenia May Be Related to Attentional Impairment: Mediating Effects of Negative Symptoms, a Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2022;399(10323):473–486. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01730-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborators GBDMD. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):137–150. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(1):36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo JY, Ragland JD, Carter CS. Memory and cognition in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(5):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood Z, Burton CZ, Vella L, Twamley EW. Neuropsychological predictors of performance-based measures of functional capacity and social skills in individuals with severe mental illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;102:201–206. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halverson TF, Orleans-Pobee M, Merritt C, Sheeran P, Fett AK, Penn DL. Pathways to functional outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: meta-analysis of social cognitive and neurocognitive predictors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;105:212–219. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deBettencourt MT, Keene PA, Awh E, Vogel EK. Real-time triggering reveals concurrent lapses of attention and working memory. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(8):808–816. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0606-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberauer K. Working memory and attention - a conceptual analysis and review. J Cogn. 2019;2(1):36. doi:10.5334/joc.58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adam KC, Mance I, Fukuda K, Vogel EK. The contribution of attentional lapses to individual differences in visual working memory capacity. J Cogn Neurosci. 2015;27(8):1601–1616. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrazek MD, Smallwood J, Franklin MS, Chin JM, Baird B, Schooler JW. The role of mind-wandering in measurements of general aptitude. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(4):788–798. doi:10.1037/a0027968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsgodt KH, Sun D, Cannon TD. Structural and functional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2010;19(4):226–231. doi:10.1177/0963721410377601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuhma N, Mingote S, Kalmbach A, Yetnikoff L, Rayport S. Heterogeneity in dopamine neuron synaptic actions across the striatum and its relevance for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(1):43–51. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luvsannyam E, Jain MS, Pormento MKL, et al. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2022;14(4):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brebion G, Stephan-Otto C, Huerta-Ramos E, et al. Decreased processing speed might account for working memory span deficit in schizophrenia, and might mediate the associations between working memory span and clinical symptoms. Eur Psychiatry. 2014;29(8):473–478. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CH, Huang CL, Chang YC, et al. Clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms, mediate the influence of neurocognition and social cognition on functional outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;146(1–3):231–237. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S, Davis JM. Dose Equivalents for Antipsychotic Drugs: the DDD Method. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(Suppl 1):S90–S94. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danivas V, Venkatasubramanian G. Current perspectives on chlorpromazine equivalents: comparing apples and oranges! Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(2):207–208. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.111475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye S, Xie M, Yu X, et al. The Chinese Brief Cognitive Test: normative data stratified by gender, age and education. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:933642. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF, Rockwood NJ. Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behav Res Ther. 2017;98:39–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakra E, Belzeaux R, Azorin JM, Adida M. Symptômes négatifs, émotions et cognition dans la schizophrénie Negative symptoms, emotion and cognition in schizophrenia [Negative symptoms, emotion and cognition in schizophrenia]. Encephale. 2015;41(6 Suppl 1):6S18–6S21. French. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(16)30005-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kokurcan A. Comparison of clinical characteristics between the patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment with those taking combination of long-acting injectable and oral antipsychotics. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2019;56(3):219–223. doi:10.29399/npa.23548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charernboon T. Interplay among positive and negative symptoms, neurocognition, social cognition, and functioning in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia: a network analysis. F1000Res. 2021;10:1258. doi:10.12688/f1000research.74385.3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fett AK, Viechtbauer W, Dominguez MD, Penn DL, van Os J, Krabbendam L. The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):573–588. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucok A, Direk N, Kaya H, et al. Relationship of negative symptom severity with cognitive symptoms and functioning in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(4):966–974. doi:10.1111/eip.13042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riecher-Rossler A. Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):8–9. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30348-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin LH, Carter CS, Drogos LL, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Sweeney JA, Maki PM. Effects of sex, menstrual cycle phase, and endogenous hormones on cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;166(1–3):269–275. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addington J, Addington D, Maticka-Tyndale E. Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1991;5(2):123–134. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(91)90039-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouraraki C, Tsaousis I, Karamaouna P, et al. Associations of differential schizotypal dimensions with executive working memory: a moderated-mediation analysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;71:39–48. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen C, Maheandiran M, Lepock J, et al. Negative symptoms in the clinical high-risk state for psychosis: connection with cognition and primacy in impacting functioning. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;14(2):188–195. doi:10.1111/eip.12843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lopez M, Alonso-Sanchez M, Leal I, et al. The relationship between negative symptoms, social cognition, and social functioning in patients with first episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;155:171–179. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepage M, Bodnar M, Raucher-Chene D, et al. Neurocognitive functions in persistent negative symptoms following a first episode of psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;47:86–97. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokurcan A, Guriz SO, Karadag H, Erdi F, Orsel S. Treatment strategies in management of schizophrenia patients with persistent symptoms in daily practice: a retrospective study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2021;25(3):238–244. doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1879157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au-Yeung C, Penney D, Rae J, Carling H, Lassman L, Lepage M. The relationship between negative symptoms and MATRICS neurocognitive domains: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;127:110833. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma P, Daum I. Neurokognitive Veränderungen und Negativsymptomatik bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen [Neurocognitive changes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2005;73(6):333–342. German. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brazo P, Delamillieure P, Morello R, Halbecq I, Marie RM, Dollfus S. Impairments of executive/attentional functions in schizophrenia with primary and secondary negative symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2005;133(1):45–55. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibben CR, Rice C, Laws K, McKenna PJ. Is executive impairment associated with schizophrenic syndromes? A meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2009;39(3):381–392. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregellas JR, Smucny J, Harris JG, et al. Intrinsic hippocampal activity as a biomarker for cognition and symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(5):549–556. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercan Dogu S, Kokurcan A, Orsel S. An occupation-based healthy nutrition and wellness program for individuals with schizophrenia. OTJR. 2023;43(4):626–636. doi:10.1177/15394492231153113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marder SR, Umbricht D. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: newly emerging measurements, pathways, and treatments. Schizophr Res. 2023;258:71–77. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galderisi S, Kaiser S, Bitter I, et al. EPA guidance on treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64(1):e21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita A, Barlati S, Ceraso A, et al. Effectiveness, core elements, and moderators of response of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(8):848–858. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejeune JA, Northrop A, Kurtz MM. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: efficacy and the role of participant and treatment factors. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(4):997–1006. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam BY, Raine A, Lee TM. The relationship between neurocognition and symptomatology in people with schizophrenia: social cognition as the mediator. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:138. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt SJ, Mueller DR, Roder V. Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(Suppl 2):S41–S54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(3):546–556. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada T, Ito S, Makabe A, Yamanushi A, Takenaka A, Kobayashi M. Aerobic exercise and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2019;282:112638. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar