515
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Impact Of Spinal Cord Injury On Sleep: Current Perspectives

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 219-229 | Published online: 15 Oct 2019

References

  • Simpson LA, Eng JJ, Hsieh JTC, Wolfe DL, the Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. The health and life priorities of individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(8):1548–1555. doi:10.1089/neu.2011.222622320160
  • Sankari A, Bascom A, Oomman S, Badr MS. Sleep disordered breathing in chronic spinal cord injury. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(1):65–72. doi:10.5664/jcsm.336224426822
  • Sankari A, Martin J, Bascom A, Mitchell M, Badr M. Identification and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(2):145. doi:10.1038/sc.2014.21625510191
  • Biering-Sørensen F, Biering-Sørensen M. Sleep disturbances in the spinal cord injured: an epidemiological questionnaire investigation, including a normal population. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(10):505. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310119711641793
  • Levi R, Hultling C, Nash MS, Seiger A. The Stockholm spinal cord injury study: 1. Medical problems in a regional SCI population. Paraplegia. 1995;33(6):308–315.7644255
  • Jensen MP, Hirsh AT, Molton IR, Bamer AM. Sleep problems in individuals with spinal cord injury: frequency and age effects. Rehabil Psychol. 2009;54(3):323–331. doi:10.1037/a001634519702431
  • Sankari A, Vaughan S, Bascom A, Martin JL, Badr MS. Sleep-disordered breathing and spinal cord injury: a state-of-the-art review. Chest. 2019;155(2):438–445. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.00230321507
  • Peters AEJ, van Silfhout L, Graco M, Schembri R, Thijssen D, Berlowitz DJ. Periodic limb movements in tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(3):318–325. doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.132087428464758
  • Budh CN, Hultling C, Lundeberg T. Quality of sleep in individuals with spinal cord injury: a comparison between patients with and without pain. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(2):85. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310168015570322
  • Giannoccaro MP, Moghadam KK, Pizza F, et al. Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17s(6):399–409. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.005
  • Stepanski E, Lamphere J, Badia P, Zorick F, Roth T. Sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 1984;7(1):18–26. doi:10.1093/sleep/7.1.186718922
  • Sankari A, Badr MS. Diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(1):176–177. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.10.08526710861
  • Biering-Sorensen F, Biering-Sorensen M. Sleep disturbances in the spinal cord injured: an epidemiological questionnaire investigation, including a normal population. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(10):505–513. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310119711641793
  • Elliott TR, Frank RG. Depression following spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(8):816–823. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90263-48702378
  • de Paleville DGT, McKay WB, Folz RJ, Ovechkin AV. Respiratory motor control disrupted by spinal cord injury: mechanisms, evaluation, and restoration. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(4):463–473.22408690
  • Hammell K, Miller W, Forwell S, Forman B, Jacobsen B. Fatigue and spinal cord injury: a qualitative analysis. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(1):44. doi:10.1038/sc.2008.10418542089
  • Krassioukov A. Autonomic function following cervical spinal cord injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;169(2):157–164. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.08.00319682607
  • Wijesuriya N, Tran Y, Middleton J, Craig A. Impact of fatigue on the health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(2):319–324. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.09.00822289244
  • Castriotta RJ, Wilde MC, Sahay S. Sleep Disorders in Spinal Cord Injury. Sleep Med Clin. 2012;7(4):643–653. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.10.005
  • Bascom AT, Sankari A, Goshgarian HG, Badr MS. Sleep onset hypoventilation in chronic spinal cord injury. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(8):e12490. doi:10.14814/phy2.1249026290534
  • Sankari A, Bascom AT, Chowdhuri S, Badr MS. Tetraplegia is a risk factor for central sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;116(3):345–353. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00731.201324114704
  • Kim AM, Keenan BT, Jackson N, et al. Tongue fat and its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2014;37(10):1639–1648. doi:10.5665/sleep.407225197815
  • Berlowitz DJ, Brown DJ, Campbell DA, Pierce RJ. A longitudinal evaluation of sleep and breathing in the first year after cervical spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1193–1199. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.03315954059
  • Berlowitz DJ, Spong J, Gordon I, Howard ME, Brown DJ. Relationships between objective sleep indices and symptoms in a community sample of people with tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1246–1252. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.01622516876
  • Burns SP, Kapur V, Yin KS, Buhrer R. Factors associated with sleep apnea in men with spinal cord injury: a population-based case-control study. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(1):15–22. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310110311224009
  • Leduc BE, Dagher JH, Mayer P, Bellemare F, Lepage Y. Estimated prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome after cervical cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(3):333–337. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.12.02517321826
  • Stockhammer E, Tobon A, Michel F, et al. Characteristics of sleep apnea syndrome in tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord. 2002;40(6):286–294. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310130112037710
  • Tran K, Hukins C, Geraghty T, Eckert B, Fraser L. Sleep-disordered breathing in spinal cord-injured patients: a short-term longitudinal study. Respirology. 2010;15(2):272–276. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01669.x19947995
  • Fuller DD. How does spinal cord injury lead to obstructive sleep apnoea? J Physiol. 2018;596:2633. doi:10.1113/JP27616229667192
  • Sankari A, Bascom AT, Badr MS. Upper airway mechanics in chronic spinal cord injury during sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;116(11):1390–1395. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00139.201424744387
  • Wijesuriya NS, Gainche L, Jordan AS, et al. Genioglossus reflex responses to negative upper airway pressure are altered in people with tetraplegia and obstructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol. 2018;596(14):2853–2864. doi:10.1113/JP27522229658103
  • Rizwan A, Sankari A, Bascom AT, Vaughan S, Badr MS. Nocturnal swallowing and arousal threshold in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol. 2018. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00641.2017
  • Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(17):1230–1235. doi:10.1056/NEJM1993042932817048464434
  • O’Donoghue FJ, Meaklim H, Bilston L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway in patients with quadriplegia and obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(4):e12616. doi:10.1111/jsr.1261629082563
  • Owens RL, Malhotra A, Eckert DJ, White DP, Jordan AS. The influence of end-expiratory lung volume on measurements of pharyngeal collapsibility. J Appl Physiol. 2009;108:445–451.19940097
  • McEvoy RD, Mykytyn I, Sajkov D, et al. Sleep apnoea in patients with quadriplegia. Thorax. 1995;50(6):613–619. doi:10.1136/thx.50.6.6137638801
  • Bauman KA, Kurili A, Schotland HM, Rodriguez GM, Chiodo AE, Sitrin RG. Simplified approach to diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal hypercapnia in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;97:363–371.26297810
  • Ayas NT, Epstein LJ, Lieberman SL, et al. Predictors of loud snoring in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24(1):30–34. doi:10.1080/10790268.2001.1175355211587432
  • Wijesuriya NS, Lewis C, Butler JE, et al. High nasal resistance is stable over time but poorly perceived in people with tetraplegia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017;235:27–33. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2016.09.01427697626
  • Koutsourelakis I, Minaritzoglou A, Zakynthinos G, Vagiakis E, Zakynthinos S. The effect of nasal tramazoline with dexamethasone in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(4):1055–1063. doi:10.1183/09031936.0014231223397296
  • Sankari A, Bascom AT, Riehani A, Badr MS. Tetraplegia is associated with enhanced peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and ventilatory long-term facilitation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;119(10):1183–1193. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00088.201526272316
  • Badr MS, Toiber F, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J. Pharyngeal narrowing/occlusion during central sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78(5):1806–1815. doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.18067649916
  • Schembri R, Spong J, Graco M, Berlowitz DJ, team Cs. Neuropsychological function in patients with acute tetraplegia and sleep disordered breathing. Sleep. 2017;40(2):zsw037. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw037
  • Berlowitz DJ. Neurotrauma and sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(6):391–393. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.00423838173
  • Berlowitz DJ, Ayas N, Barnes M, et al. Auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea after acute quadriplegia (COSAQ): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:181. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-5923777510
  • Sajkov D, Marshall R, Walker P, et al. Sleep apnoea related hypoxia is associated with cognitive disturbances in patients with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(4):231–239.9589522
  • Lucci G, Pisotta I, Berchicci M, et al. Proactive cortical control in spinal cord injury subjects with paraplegia. J Neurotrauma. 2019. doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6307
  • Athanasiou A, Terzopoulos N, Pandria N, et al. Functional brain connectivity during multiple motor imagery tasks in spinal cord injury. Neural Plast. 2018;2018:9354207. doi:10.1155/2018/935420729853852
  • Lopez-Larraz E, Montesano L, Gil-Agudo A, Minguez J, Oliviero A. Evolution of EEG motor rhythms after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0131759. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.013175926177457
  • Faden AI, Wu J, Stoica BA, Loane DJ. Progressive inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration after traumatic brain or spinal cord injury. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173:681–691. doi:10.1111/bph.1317925939377
  • Wu J, Stoica BA, Luo T, et al. Isolated spinal cord contusion in rats induces chronic brain neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment. Involvement of cell cycle activation. Cell Cycle. 2014;13(15):2446–2458. doi:10.4161/cc.2942025483194
  • Smith BM, Evans CT, Kurichi JE, Weaver FM, Patel N, Burns SP. Acute respiratory tract infection visits of veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: rates, trends, and risk factors. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(4):355–361. doi:10.1080/10790268.2007.1175395117853657
  • Patel SR, White DP, Malhotra A, Stanchina ML, Ayas NT. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for treating gess in a diverse population with obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(5):565–571. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.5.56512622603
  • Ayas NT, Taylor CM, Laher I. Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2016;31(6):599–605. doi:10.1097/HCO.000000000000032927652812
  • Dickel MJ, Renfrow SD, Moore PT, Berry RB. Rapid eye movement sleep periodic leg movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Sleep. 1994;17(8):733–738. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.8.7337701185
  • Manconi M, Ferri R, Zucconi M, et al. Dissociation of periodic leg movements from arousals in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(6):834–844. doi:10.1002/ana.2356522718547
  • Ferri R, Proserpio P, Rundo F, et al. Neurophysiological correlates of sleep leg movements in acute spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(2):333–338. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.01624947594
  • Salminen AV, Manconi M, Rimpilä V, et al. Disconnection between periodic leg movements and cortical arousals in spinal cord injury. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(11):1207–1209. doi:10.5664/jcsm.317424235905
  • Proserpio P, Lanza A, Sambusida K, et al. Sleep apnea and periodic leg movements in the first year after spinal cord injury. Sleep Med. 2015;16(1):59–66. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.01925454844
  • Esteves AM, de Mello MT, Lancellotti CL, Natal CL, Tufik S. Occurrence of limb movement during sleep in rats with spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 2004;1017(1–2):32–38. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.02115261096
  • Telles SC, Alves RC, Chadi G. Periodic limb movements during sleep and restless legs syndrome in patients with ASIA A spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci. 2011;303(1–2):119–123. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2010.12.01921257181
  • Ondo WG. Movements mimicking myoclonus associated with spinal cord pathology: is this a “pure motor restless legs syndrome”. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2012;2.
  • Telles SCL, Alves RSC, Chadi G. Spinal cord injury as a trigger to develop periodic leg movements during sleep: an evolutionary perspective. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012;70:880–884. doi:10.1590/s0004-282x201200110001123175202
  • de Mello MT, Esteves AM, Tufik S. Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(4):218–221. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.310157515060518
  • Yokota T, Hirose K, Tanabe H, Tsukagoshi H. Sleep-related periodic leg movements (nocturnal myoclonus) due to spinal cord lesion. J Neurol Sci. 1991;104(1):13–18. doi:10.1016/0022-510x(91)90210-x1919596
  • de Mello MT, Lauro FA, Silva AC, Tufik S. Incidence of periodic leg movements and of the restless legs syndrome during sleep following acute physical activity in spinal cord injury subjects. Spinal Cord. 1996;34(5):294–296.8963978
  • Lee MS, Choi YC, Lee SH, Lee SB. Sleep-related periodic leg movements associated with spinal cord lesions. Mov Disord. 1996;11(6):719–722. doi:10.1002/mds.8701106198914100
  • Mello MT, Silva AC, Rueda AD, Poyares D, Tufik S. Correlation between K complex, periodic leg movements (PLM), and myoclonus during sleep in paraplegic adults before and after an acute physical activity. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(4):248–252.9143089
  • Zeitzer JM, Ayas NT, Shea SA, Brown R, Czeisler CA. Absence of detectable melatonin and preservation of cortisol and thyrotropin rhythms in tetraplegia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2189–2196. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.6.664710852451
  • Verheggen RJHM, Jones H, Nyakayiru J, et al. Complete absence of evening melatonin increase in tetraplegics. Faseb J. 2012;26(7):3059–3064. doi:10.1096/fj.12-20540122474242
  • Spong J, Kennedy GA, Brown DJ, Armstrong SM, Berlowitz DJ. Melatonin supplementation in patients with complete tetraplegia and poor sleep. Sleep Disord. 2013;2013(Article ID 128197):8. doi:10.1155/2013/128197
  • Spong J, Kennedy GA, Tseng J, Brown DJ, Armstrong S, Berlowitz DJ. Sleep disruption in tetraplegia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 mg melatonin. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(8):629–634. doi:10.1038/sc.2014.8424891007
  • Kostovski E, Dahm AE, Mowinckel MC, et al. Circadian rhythms of hemostatic factors in tetraplegia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study of melatonin. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(4):285–290. doi:10.1038/sc.2014.24325644388
  • Kostovski E, Frigato E, Savikj M, et al. Normalization of disrupted clock gene expression in males with tetraplegia: a crossover randomized placebo-controlled trial of melatonin supplementation. Spinal Cord. 2018. doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0176-x
  • Thijssen DHJ, Eijsvogels TMH, Hesse M, Ballak DB, Atkinson G, Hopman MTE. The effects of thoracic and cervical spinal cord lesions on the circadian rhythm of core body temperature. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28(2):146–154. doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.54036421231876
  • Berlowitz DJ, Wadsworth B, Ross J. Respiratory problems and management in people with spinal cord injury. Breathe. 2016;12(4):328–340. doi:10.1183/20734735.01261628270863
  • Sankari A, Martin JL, Badr MS. Sleep disordered breathing and spinal cord injury: challenges and opportunities. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017;3(4):272–278. doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0093-029177130
  • Shafazand S, Anderson KD, Nash MS. Sleep complaints and sleep quality in spinal cord injury: a web-based survey. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7760
  • Davenport PW, Chan PY, Zhang W, Chou YL. Detection threshold for inspiratory resistive loads and respiratory-related evoked potentials. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(1):s276–285. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01436.2005
  • Graco M, Schembri R, Cross S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a two-stage model for detecting obstructive sleep apnoea in chronic tetraplegia. Thorax. 2018;73(9):864–871. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-21113129735608
  • Bauman KA, Kurili A, Schotland HM, Rodriguez GM, Chiodo AE, Sitrin RG. Simplified approach to diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal hypercapnia in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(3):363–371. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.07.02626297810
  • Shojaei MH, Alavinia SM, Craven BC. Management of obesity after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(6):783–794. doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.137020728929907
  • Iftikhar IH, Bittencourt L, Youngstedt SD, et al. Comparative efficacy of CPAP, MADs, exercise-training, and dietary weight loss for sleep apnea: a network meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2017;30:7–14. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.00128215266
  • Mehrtash M, Bakker JP, Ayas N. Predictors of continuous positive airway pressure adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Lung. 2019;197(2):115–121. doi:10.1007/s00408-018-00193-130617618
  • Berlowitz DJ, Spong J, Pierce RJ, Ross J, Barnes M, Brown DJ. The feasibility of using auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure to treat obstructive sleep apnoea after acute tetraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(12):868–873. doi:10.1038/sc.2009.5619488050
  • Graco M, Green SE, Tolson J, et al. Worth the effort? Weighing up the benefit and burden of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in chronic tetraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2019;57(3):247–254.30356181
  • Le Guen MC, Cistulli PA, Berlowitz DJ. Continuous positive airway pressure requirements in patients with tetraplegia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(11):832–835. doi:10.1038/sc.2012.5722614126
  • Graco M, Berlowitz DJ, Green SE. Understanding the clinical management of obstructive sleep apnoea in tetraplegia: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019. doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4197-8
  • Berlowitz DJ, Schembri R, Graco M, et al. Positive airway pressure for sleep-disordered breathing in acute quadriplegia: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2019;74(3):282–290. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-21231930538163
  • Brown JP, Bauman KA, Kurili A, et al. Positive airway pressure therapy for sleep-disordered breathing confers short-term benefits to patients with spinal cord injury despite widely ranging patterns of use. Spinal Cord. 2018. doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0077-z
  • Howard ME, Piper AJ, Stevens B, et al. A randomised controlled trial of CPAP versus non-invasive ventilation for initial treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Thorax. 2017;72(5):437–444. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-20855927852952
  • Wong KK, Marshall NS, Grunstein RR, Dodd MJ, Rogers NL. Comparing the neurocognitive effects of 40 h sustained wakefulness in patients with untreated OSA and healthy controls. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(3):322–330. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00665.x18522688
  • Caples SM, Rowley JA, Prinsell JR, et al. Surgical modifications of the upper airway for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2010;33(10):1396–1407. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.10.139621061863
  • Strollo PJ Jr, Soose RJ, Maurer JT, et al. Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(2):139–149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130865924401051
  • Ramar K, Dort LC, Katz SG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring with oral appliance therapy: an update for 2015. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(7):773–827. doi:10.5664/jcsm.485826094920
  • Wijesuriya NS, Eckert DJ, Jordan AS, et al. A randomised controlled trial of nasal decongestant to treat obstructive sleep apnoea in people with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41393-019-0256-6
  • Levy J, Hartley S, Mauruc-Soubirac E, et al. Spasticity or periodic limb movements? Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;54(5):698–704. doi:10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04886-929205982
  • Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(2):125–133. doi:10.7326/M15-217527136449
  • Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, et al. An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2011;56(1):15–25. doi:10.1037/a002274321401282
  • Martin JL, Song Y, Hughes J, et al. A four-session sleep intervention program improves sleep for older adult day health care participants: results of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2017;40(8). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx079
  • Wallace DM, Sawyer AM, Shafazand S. Comorbid insomnia symptoms predict lower 6-month adherence to CPAP in US veterans with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2018;22(1):5–15. doi:10.1007/s11325-017-1605-329330768
  • Fischer S, Smolnik R, Herms M, Born J, Fehm HL. Melatonin acutely improves the neuroendocrine architecture of sleep in blind individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5315–5320. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-03054014602767
  • Skene DJ, Arendt J. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in the blind and their treatment with melatonin. Sleep Med. 2007;8(6):651–655. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.01317420154
  • Zeitzer JM, Ku B, Ota D, Kiratli BJ. Randomized controlled trial of pharmacological replacement of melatonin for sleep disruption in individuals with tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(1):46–53. doi:10.1179/2045772313Y.000000009924090266